Often neglected as historical evidence, graphic images are frequently not properly cited. H-Urban offers information on the images used on its web pages so that researchers, teachers, and interested parties may better use and understand these urban studies tools. Appropriate citation is encouraged as part of H-Urban's mission to enhance urban studies scholarship. By keeping known information with the images it publishes, H-Urban offers its respect and gratitude to the creators, contributors and resources that made it possible for H-Urban to share these valuable research tools. Unless noted, images do not have any copyright restrictions on educational use. In general, except for some work-for-hire products and copyright renewals, images created before 1923 are in the public domain. Click on each image to go to the image's source for further details.

At http://memory.loc.gov/ammem//ndlpedu/start/cite/index.html is an excellent citation guide created to aid users of the digitized documents, graphics, and photographs available on the internet through the U.S.A. Library of Congress (LOC). The manual covers many reference standards with clear examples of each.

Image Search Tips.  One of the quickest way to find images on particular subjects is to use the image search function of major internet search engines like Google or Yahoo.

Engines like AOL.com may have a stand-alone image search section, but they suffer from censorship and a lower quality of technology that delivers a lot of text results with images. Google stands as one of the best vehicles to find online images.

Finding images on the web is tricky. As the American Memory (http://memory.loc.gov/) website of the U.S.A. Library of Congress shows, direct access to an image on-line is not always possible from another internet site. For such sites, H-Urban provides a link to the site, but not directly to the image there. Whenever it can, H-Urban will provide a link with the title of each image. When it is not possible to link directly to the original image itself, links are provided to an internet gateway site or search engine that will lead to the original image.

Instead, as in the case of the American Memory site, the website's search engine and navigational tools must be utilized to find a specific item. The quickest way to find an image on the American Memory site is to use a geographic location or topic in the site's search engine. For example, to search American Memory for an image, click on the image title below or go directly to the American Memory's search engine at http://memory.loc.gov/ and use the image title or subject words (e.g. schools; Tang-Lang St.; cityscapes) as keywords. Library of Congress call numbers and digital IDs, useful for reproduction purposes, frequently will not produce useful on-line search results at the American Memory's main search engine. Using the LOC cataloging numbers with the Prints and Photos catalog search engine will produce better, but mixed results. For more technical information on how to find if an exact URL (Internet address) exists for a LOC image and what it is, go to the "How to Link & Bookmark in American Memory" page at http://memory.loc.gov/learn/start/tech/link.html within "The Learning Page" section of the LOC website.

Images as Tools: Photographs and images of documents are offered on H-Urban's websites so that those who are interested in urban studies may see what is available for research, teaching, and publication. Detailed bibliographic and copyright information is provided by clicking on any single image. Before an item is used for other than research or non-profit, educational use, it is recommended that the source of the image be contacted for specifics. The Source, Copyright, Repository, and Call Numbers are provided in the Image Bibliographies as guides, not as the final determinates of the restrictions or lack of restrictions on the use of an image.

H-Urban invites its visitors to offer images for use on any H-Urban web page. Images should relate to or inform on an urban studies topic or issue. Governments and private collectors are paprticulary encouraged to offer an item for temporary viewing on H-Urban to enhance the work of urban studies professionals. To submit an image for consideration, please contact H-Urban with a brief textual explanation of the item. Possible images could include photographs, posters, documents, and historical graphics like those used in advertisements.