EVER-CHANGING LOYALTIES:
Arsène Lacarrière Latour and the Struggle for the Southwest

Gene A. Smith
Texas Christian University

Arsène Lacarrière Latour was characteristic of the adventurers attracted to the southwestern frontier during the early national period. Born and educated in France in 1778, the French Revolution shattered his world, prompting him to travel to Haiti in 1802 to secure family lands and financial comfort. Unfortunately, the revolutionary slave insurrection engrossing that island forced the architect turned military-engineer to move on to Louisiana, most likely as an advance French agent for Napoleon's planned occupation of the region; Latour prepared detailed maps that were later turned over to the Spanish agent, American general James Wilkinson. Latour also made important personal contacts--Edward Livingston, Jean Lafitte, Carlos Grand Prê‚--and began designing and constructing buildings in the New Orleans area. By the time of the War of 1812 Latour had become an American citizen and one of the most important architect/engineers in the city.

During the Battle of New Orleans Latour served as General Andrew Jackson's principal engineer, designing the defensive works behind which the rag-tag American army fought the British. Afterward, Latour collected first-hand information and wrote the first book-length historical account of the battle--a patriotic book in which he attributed the glorious American victory to Jackson's selfless service. Although Latour appeared to be a patriot-historian, he soon began another career. Working as a Spanish operative, he explored the American Southwest and wrote thoughtful reports warning Spanish officials of the continued land desires of American settlers; Spanish officials in Cuba, Mexico, and Madrid paid little attention to his prophetic warnings. Latour lived in Cuba from 1818 to 1834, before returning to his native France, where he died three years later.

Latour's service with France, the U.S., and Spain and his changing loyalties reflect the international uncertainty that the Gulf borderlands experienced during the first two decades of the nineteenth century. By 1820, however, increased American westward expansion had settled the uneasiness by removing most French and Spanish influences from the region; Latour's arrival, services, and departure illustrate the opportunities that existed for adventurers who were willing to divide their loyalties between many flags.