PART 4 D. Works

DI. General Histories; DII. General Works on Specific Topics; DIII. Works on Specific Periods

A vast number – perhaps hundreds of thousands – of books and essays have been devoted to the Soviet experience. This means that for each one of the titles listed below (see for instance the bibliographies quoted in section CIb), hundreds more could be added. This list is thus very selective, including what I believe to be the most important works and but a handful of articles and dissertations. As I wrote in the introduction, and for the reasons given there, I have accorded preference to material in Western languages. For the same reasons, I have listed important works in Russian, Ukrainian, and other languages in translation, whenever possible.

Because most of the listed works have been, and often still are, important, or representative of major trends and opinions, I asked myself whether it was appropriate to highlight some among them. Ultimately I did so, guided by my personal preferences, not to diminish the others but in the hope of enliving what could have seemed a dreary list.

The section has three main subdivisions. The first is devoted to general works on Tsarist history, 1861-1914; Soviet and Russian history; and history of the main Soviet republics and nationalities. The second is arranged by topic. The third chronologically. A few works on other socialist countries, as well as on the communist movement, have been included.

The thematic portion includes works of a more theoretical nature, or ambition, as well as those covering large segments of Soviet history. In the chronological section I grouped the studies exclusively or mainly devoted to specific periods, such as the civil war, the NEP, the 1930s, World War II, the thaw, etc. Within each of these periods, I arranged the works once again by topic, such as countryside, memoirs, foreign policy, etc.

DI. General Histories

DIa. Russian empire

O. Anweiler, The Soviets, 1905-1921, New York, 1974;

A. Asher, The Revolution of 1905, 2 vols., Stanford, 1988-1992;

A. Ascher, P.A. Stolypin. The Search for Stability in Late Imperial Russia, Stanford, 2001;

D. Beauvois, La bataille pour la terre en Ukraine, 1863-1914, Lille, 1993 (a different perspective);

D.R. Brower, E.J. Lazzerini, eds., Russia’s Orient: Imperial Borderlands and Peoples, 1700-1917, Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press, 1997;

G. Cigliano, Liberalismo e rivoluzione in Russia: il 1905 nell’esperienza di M.M. Kovalevskij, Napoli: Liguori, 2002;

F.-X. Coquin, 1905: la Révolutions russe manquée, Bruxelles, 1905;

F.-X. Coquin, Des pères du peuple au père des peuples: la Russie de 1825 à 1929, Paris, 1991;

F.-X. Coquin, La Sibérie: peuplement et immigration paysanne au XIX-XX siècle, Paris, 1969;

M. Confino, Systèmes agraires et progrès agricole, Paris, 1969 (a beautiful book);

T. Dan, The Origins of Bolshevism, London, 1964 (a classic);

T. Emmons, The Formation of Political Parties and the First National Elections in Russia, Cambridge, 1983;

J. Frankel, Prophecy and Politics: Socialism, Nationalism and the Russian Jews, 1862-1917, Cambridge, 1981;

M. Gammer, Muslim Resistance to the Tsar: Shamil and the Conquest of Chechnia and Daghestan, London: Frank Cass, 1994;

P. Gatrell, The Tsarist Economy, 1850-1917, London, 1986;

V. Gitermann, Geschichte Russlands (1949), 3 vols., Frankfurt (Main): Athenum, 1987;

P.R. Gregory, Russian National Income, 1885-1913, Cambridge, 1982;

L.H. Haimson, The Russian Marxists and the Origins of Bolshevism, Cambridge, MA, 1955;

A. Kappeler, The Russian Empire: A Multiethnic History, New York, 2001 (important);

A. Khalid, The Politics of Muslim Cultural Reform: Jadidism in Central Asia, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999;

T. von Laue, Witte and the Industrialization of Russia, New York, 1963;

A. Leroy-Beaulieu, The Empire of the Tsars and the Russian, 3 vols. New York, 1902-03;

D. Lieven, The Russian Empire and Its Rivals, London, 2000;

P.I. Liashchenko, History of the National Economy of Russia to 1917, New York, 1949;

P. Miliukov, Ch. Seignobos, H. Eisenmann, History of Russia (1933), 3 vols., New York, 1968 ;

J. Pallot, Land Reform in Russia, 1906-1917, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1999;

P. Pascal, Civilisation paysanne en Russie, 2 vols., Lausanne: L’Âge d’homme, 1969;

R. Philippot, Les Zemstvos: société civile et Etat bureaucratique dans la Russie tsariste, Paris: Institut d’études slaves, 1991;

R. Pipes, Russia under the Old Regime, London, 1974;

G. Plekhanov, History of Russian Social Thought, New York, 1967;

M. Raeff, Understanding Imperial Russia: State and Societ in the Old Regime, New York, 1984;

G.T. Robinson, Rural Russia under the Old Regime, New York, 1969;

H. Rogger, Russia in the Age of Modernization and Revolution, 1881-1917, London: Longman, 1983;

H. Seton-Watson, The Russian Empire, 1801-1917, Oxford, 1967 (important);

G. Sokoloff, Puissance pauvre, Paris, 1993;

M.K. Stockdale, Paul Miljukov and the Quest for a Liberal Russia, 1880-1918, Ithaca, NY, 1996;

F. Venturi, Roots of Revolution: The History of Populist and Socialist Movements in Nineteenth Century Russia, London, 1960 (a classic);

A. Walicki, A History of Russian Thought from Enlightenment to Marxism, Stanford, 1979;

P.A. Zaionchkovskii (the best Soviet specialist), The Abolition of Serfdom in Russia (Moscow, 1960), Gulf Breeze, FL, 1978;

P.A. Zaionchkovskii, The Russian Autocracy in Crisis, 1878-1882 (Moscow, 1964), Gulf Breeze, FL, 1979.

DIb. USSR and Russia

Iu.N. Afanas’ev, ed., Sovetskoe obshchestvo: vozniknovenie, razvitie, istoricheskii final, 2 vols., Moscow, 1997;

F. Benvenuti, Storia della Russia contemporanea, Roma: Laterza, 1999;

H. Carrère d’Encausse, A History of the Soviet Union, 1917-1953, London, 1981;

R. Girault, M. Ferro, De La Russie à l’URSS, Paris, 1989;

M. Heller, A. Nekritch, Utopia in Power: The History of the Soviet Union, London, 1986 (the dissidents’ history –very good up to the Brezhnev era);

M. Hildermeier, Geschichte der Sowjetunion, 1917-1991: Entstehung und Niedergang des ersten sozialistischen Staates, München: Verlag C.H. Beck, 1998;

G. Hosking, The First Socialist Society: A History of the Soviet Union from Within, Cambridge, MA, 1993;

History of the USSR in Three Parts, Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1982 (A translation of Istoriia S.S.S.R., the Brezhnevite official text);

P. Kenez, A History of the Soviet Union from the Beginning to the End, Cambridge, 1999;

M. Lewin, The Making of the Soviet System: Essays in the Social History of Interwar Russia, New York, 1985 (important);

M. Lewin, Le siècle soviétique, Paris: Fayard, 2003;

M. Laran, J.-L. Van Regemorter, La Russie et l’ex-URSS de 1914 à nos jours, Paris, 2000;

R. Pethybridge, A History of Post-War Russia, London, 1974;

R.G. Pikhoia, Sovetskii soiuz: istoriia vlasti, 1945-1991, Moscow, 1998 (perhaps the best work on the postwar period);

S. Pons, A. Romano, eds., Russia in the age of wars, 1914-1945, Milano: Feltrinelli 2000;

N. Riasanovsky, A History of Russia, New York, 2000;

R.G. Suny, The Soviet Experiment: Russia, the USSR and the Successor States, New York, 1998;

D. Treadgold, Twentieth Century Russia, Boulder: Westeview, 1987;

N. Werth, Histoire de l’Union soviétique, Paris: PUF, 1992 ;

V. Zaslavsky, Storia del sistema sovietico: l’ascesa, la stabilità, il crollo, Roma: NIS, 1995.

DIc. Nationalities, general

See also DIIh. Repression and political police, and the chronological subsections below.

S. Blank, The Sorcerer as Apprentice: Stalin as Commissar of Nationalities, 1917-1924, Westport, CT, 1994;

P. Blitstein, “Stalin’s Nations: Soviet Nationality Policy between Planning and Primordialism,” Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California at Berkeley, 1999;

Y.M. Brudny, Reinventing Russia: Russian Nationalism and the Soviet State, 1953-1991, Cambridge, MA, 1998 (an interesting perspective);

J. Cadiot, “La constitution des catégories nationales dans l’Empire de Russie et dans l’Union des Républiques Socialistes Soviétiques (1897-1939): Statisticiens, ethnographes et administrateurs face à la diversité du ‘national’”, Ph.D. Dissertation, EHESS, 2001;

H. Carrère d’Encausse, The Great Challenge: Nationalities and the Bolshevik State, 1917-1930, New York, 1992;

W. Connor, The National Question in Marxist-Leninist Theory and Strategy, Princeton, 1984;

R. Denber, ed., The Soviet Nationality Reader: The Disintegration in Context, Boulder, CO.: Westview, 1992;

I. Dzyuba, Internationalism or Russification, 3^rd ed. New York: Monad Press, 1974 (a classic);

G. Gleason, Federalism and Nationalism. The Struggle for Republican Rights in the USSR, Boulder, 1990;

F. Hirsch, “The Soviet Union as a Work-in-Progress: Ethnographers and the Category Nationality in the 1926, 1937, and 1939”, Slavic Review, 2 (1997) (see also her Ph.D. Dissertation, “Empire of Nations: Colonial Technologies and the Making of the Soviet Union, 1917-1939,” Princeton University, 1998);

L. Hajda, M. Beissenger, eds., The Nationalities Factor in Soviet Politics and Society, Boulder, CO, 1990;

R.J. Kaiser, The Geography of Nationalism in Russia and the USSR, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994;

V. Kozlov, The Peoples of the Soviet Union, London, 1988;

Ch. Lemercier-Quelquejay, G. Veinstein, S.E. Wimbush, eds., Passé turco-tatar, Présent soviétique (études offertes à Alexandre Bennigsen), Paris, 1986;

T. Martin, An Affirmative Action Empire: Nations and Nationalism in the Soviet Union, 1923-1939, Ithaca, NY, 2001 (the best book on the topic);

A. Motyl, ed., Thinking Theoretically about Soviet Nationalities, New York, 1992;

B. Nahaylo, V. Swoboda, Soviet Disunion: A History of the Nationality Problem in the Soviet Union, London, 1990;

Problems of Communism 16, 5 (1967), special issue on nationalities and nationalism in the USSR;

J. Radvanyi, L’URSS: régions et nations, Paris: Masson, 1990;

M.-P. Rey, De la Russie à l’Union soviétique: la construction de l’Empire, Paris: Hachette, 1994;

G. Simon, Nationalismus und Nationalitätenpolitik in der Sowjetunion, Baden-Baden, 1986;

Y. Slezkine, “The USSR as a Communal Apartment, or How a Socialist State Promoted Ethnic Particularism,” Slavic Review, 2 (1994);

M. Smith, Language and Power in the Creation of the USSR, 1917-1953, Berlin, 1998;

T. Snyder, The Reconstruction of Nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569-1999, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2003;

R.G. Suny, T. Martin, eds., A State of Nations: Empire and Nation-Making in the Age of Lenin and Stalin, Oxford, 2001;

R. Szporluk, Communism and Nationalism: Karl Marx versus Friedrich List, New York: Oxford University Press, 1988 (a crucial question);

L. Tillett, The Great Friendship: Soviet Historians on the Non-Russian Nnationalities, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1969;

S.A. Tokarev, URSS: popoli e costumi (Moscow, 1958), Bari: Laterza, 1969.

DIc1. Central Asia

S.A., Adshead, Central Asia in World History, Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1992;

E. Allworth, ed., Central Asia. 130 Years of Russian Dominance: A Historical Overview, Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1994;
E. Allworth, The Modern Uzbeks, Stanford, 1990;

A.L. Edgar, “The Creation of Soviet Turkmenistan, 1924-1938,” Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California at Berkeley, 1999;

En Asie centrale soviétique, special issue, Cahiers du monde russe et soviétique, 1 (1991);

A. Bennigsen, C. Lemercier-Quelquejay, Le Soufi et le commissaire: les confréries musulmanes en URSS, Paris: Seuil, 1986;

H. Carrère d’Encausse, Réforme et révolution chez les musulmans de l’Empire russe. Bukhara, 1867-1924, Paris, 1966;

Des ethnies aux nations en Asie centrale, special issue, Revue du monde musulman et de la Méditerranée, 1 (1992);

W. Fierman, ed., Soviet Central Asia: The Failed Transformation, Boulder, CO., 1991;

R.D. Kangas, Uzbekistan in the Twentieth Century: Political Development and Evolution of Power, New York: St. Martin’s, 1994;

B. Hayit, “Basmatschi”: nationaler Kampf Turkestans in den Jahren 1917 bis 1934, Köln: Dreisam, 1992;

S. Keller, To Moscow, not Mecca. The Soviet Campaign against Islam in Central Asia, 1917-1941, Westport: Praeger, 2001;

N. Lubin, Labor and Nationality in Soviet Central Asia, Princeton, 1984;

G. Massell, The Surrogate Proletariat. Moslem Women and Revolutionary Strategies in Soviet Central Asia, 1919-1929, Princeton, 1974;

W. Myer, Islam and Colonialism. Western Perspectives on Soviet Asia, London, 2002;

D. Northrop, “Uzbek women and the veil: gender and power in Stalinist Central Asia”, Ph.D. Dissertation, Stanford University, 1999;
M.B. Olcott, The Kazakhs, Stanford, 1987;

M. Payne, Stalin’s Railroad: Turksib and the Building of Socialism, Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2001;

O. Roy, The New Central Asia: The Creation of Nations, New York, 2000;

B. Rumer, Soviet Central Asia, London, 1989;
S.A. Zenkovsky, Panturkism and Islam in Russia, 1905-1920, Cambridge, MA, 1967.

DIc2. The Baltics

A. Bertricau, ed., L’Estonie: identité et indépendance, Paris: l’Harmattan, 2001 ;

J. Hiden, The Baltic Nations and Europe: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania in the Twentieth Century, London: Longman, 1994;

R.J. Misiunas, R. Taagepera, The Baltic States: Years of Dependence, 1940-1980, Berkeley, 1983;

G. von Rauch, The Baltic States: The Years of Independence, 1917-1940, New York, 1995;

V.S. Vardys, ed., Lithuania under the Soviets: Portrait of a Nation, New York: Praeger, 1965;

V.S. Vardys, Lithuania: The Rebel Nation, Boulder, CO.: Westview Press, 1997.

DIc3. Belarus

B. Drweski, La Biélorussie, Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 1993 ;

I.S. Lubachko, Belorussia under Soviet Rule, 1917-1957, Lexington, 1972;

D.R. Marples, Belarus: From Soviet Rule to Nuclear Catastrophe, Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1996;

D. Siebert, Bäuerliche Alltagstrategien in der belarussischen SSR (1921-1941): die Zerstörung patriarchalischer Familienwirtschaft, Stuttgart: F. Steiner, 1998;

N.P. Vakar, Belorussia: The Making of a Nation, a Case Study, Cambridge, MA, 1956.

DIc4. Transcaucasia

R.G. Suny, ed., Transcaucasia, Nationalism and Social Change: Essays in the History of Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1996.

DIc4a. Armenia

R. Hovannisian, ed., The Armenian People, 2 vol., New York, 1997;

R. Hovannisian, The Republic of Armenia, 5 vols., Berkeley, 1971-1996;

C. Mouradian, De Staline à Gorbatchev: histoire d’une république soviétique, l’Arménie, Paris: Ramsay, 1990 ;

R.G. Suny, Looking toward Ararat: Armenia in Modern History, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1993.

DIc4b. Azerbaijan

A.L. Altstadt, The Azerbaijani Turks: Power and Identity under Russian Rule, Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press, 1992;

Jörg Baberowski, "Der Feind ist überall". Stalinismus im Kaukasus, Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, München - Stuttgart 2003;

T. Swietochowski, Russian Azerbaijan, 1905-1920, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1985.

DIc4c. Georgia

K. Salia, History of the Georgian Nation, Paris, 1983;

R.G. Suny, The Making of the Georgian Nation, Bloomington, 1994.

DIc5. The North and Siberia

En islam sibérien, special issue, Cahiers du monde russe, 2-3 (2000) ;

Y. Slezkine, Arctic Mirrors: Russia and the Small Peoples of the North, Ithaca, NY, 1994.

DIc6. Tatars

A. Allworth, ed., The Tatars of Crimea: Return to the Homeland, Durham: Duke University Press, 1998;

Iu.V. Arutiunian, ed., Sotsial’noe i natsional’noe. Opyt etnosotsiologicheskikh issledovanii po materialam Tatarstanskoi ASSR, Moscow: Nauka, 1973;

A. Bennigsen, C. Lemercier-Quelquejay, Les Mouvements nationaux chez les musulmans de Russie: le “sultangalievisme” au Tatarstan, Paris: Mouton, 1960 ;

A.-A. Rorlich, The Volga Tatars: A Profile in National Resilience, Stanford, CA.: Hoover Institution Press, 1986.

DIc7. Ukraine

See the 1930s subsections for works on the 1932-33 famine.

I. Bilinsky, The Second Soviet Republic: The Ukraine after World War II, New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1964;

S. Bilokin’, Masovyj teror jak zasib derzhavnoho upravlinnja v SRSR (1917-1941 rr), 2 vol., Kyiv, 1999;

A. Kappeler, Kleine Geschichte der Ukraine, Mnchen: C.H. Beck, c1994;

A. Kappeler, F. Sysyn, Z. Kohut, eds., Culture, Nation, and Identity: The Ukrainian-Russian Encounter, 1600-1945, Toronto, 2003;

I.S. Koropeckyj, ed., Ukrainian Economic History, Edmonton: CIUS, 1991;

B. Krawchenko, Social Change and National Consciousness in XX Century Ukraine, New York, 1985;

H. Kuromiya, Freedom and Terror in the Donbas: A Ukrainian-Russian Borderland, 1870s-1990s, Cambridge, 1998;

B. Lewitzkyj, Politics and Society in Soviet Ukraine, 1953-1980, Edmonton, Alta, 1985;

G.O. Liber, Soviet Nationality Policy, Urban Growth, and Identity Change in the Ukrainian SSR, 1923-1934, Cambridge, 1992;

G.S. Luckyj, Literary Politics in the Soviet Ukraine (1956), Durham, 1990;

J. Mace, Communism and the Dilemmas of National Liberation: National Communism in Ukraine, 1918-33, Cambridge, MA, 1983;

P.R. Magocsi, Galicia: A Historical Survey and Bibliographic Guide, Toronto, 1983;

P.R. Magocsi, A History of Ukraine, Toronto, 1996;

F. Meslé, J. Vallin, Mortalité et causes de décès en Ukraine au XXe siècle, Le Cahiers de l’INED: Paris, 2003;

A.J. Motyl, The Turn to the Right: The Ideological Origins and Development of Ukrainian Nationalism, 1919-1929, New York: Columbia University Press, 1980;

O. Pachlovska, Civiltà letteraria ucraina, Carocci: Roma, 1998;

S. Plokhy, F. Sysyn, Religion and Nation in Modern Ukraine, CIUS, Edmonton, 2001;

P.J. Potichnyj, M. Raeff, J. Pelenski, G.N. Zekulin, eds., Ukraine and Russia in Their Historical Encounter, Edmonton: CIUS, 1992;

P.J. Potichnyj, H. Aster, eds., Ukrainian-Jewish Relations in Historical Perspective, Edmonton 1990;

I.L. Rudnytsky, Essays in Modern Ukrainian History, Edmonton, 1987 (some of them very intelligent);

I.L. Rudnytsky, Rethinking Ukrainian History, Edmonton, 1981;

Iu.I. Shapoval, Ukraïna XX stolittia, Kyiv: Heneza, 2001;

O. Subtelny, Ukraine: A History, 3^rd ed., Toronto, 2000;

R.S. Sullivant, Soviet Politics and the Ukraine, 1917-1957, New York, 1962;

R. Szporluk, Ukraine, a Brief History, Detroit, MI, 1982;

H.-J. Torke, J.P. Himka, eds., German-Ukrainian Relations in Historical Perspective, Edmonton, 1994.

DIc8. The Jewish Question

See the World War II chronological subsection below for works on the Holocaust.

Z. Gitelman, A Century of Ambivalence: The Jews of Russia and the Soviet Union, 1881 to the present, Bloomington, 2001;

G. Kostyrchenko, Out of the Red Shadows: Anti-Semitism in Soviet Russia, Amherst, N. Y., 1995;

G.B. Kostyrchenko, Tainaia politika Stalina: vlast’ i antisemitizm, Moscow, 2001 (perhaps the best book on the topic);

J.D. Klier et Sh. Lambroza, eds., Pogroms: Anti-Jewish Violence in Modern Russian History, Cambridge, 1992;

N. Levin, The Jews in the Soviet Union since 1917, New York, 1990;

B. Pinkus, The Soviet Government and the Jews, 1948-1967, Cambridge, 1984;

B. Pinkus, The Jews of the Soviet Union: The History of a National Minority, Cambridge, 1988;

S. Redlich, Together and Apart in Brzezany: Poles, Jews, and Ukrainians, 1919-1945, Bloomington, 2002;

Y. Ro’i, The Struggle for Soviet Jewish Emigration, 1948-1967, Cambridge, 1991;

A. Salomoni, Nazionalità ebraica, cittadinanza sovietica, 1917-1948, Bologna, 2001;

S.M. Schwarz¸The Jews in the Soviet Union, New York, 1951;

A. Vaksberg, L’ antisémitisme russe, Paris, 2002;

R. Weinberg, Stalin’s Forgotten Zion: Birobidzhan and the Making of a Soviet Jewish Homeland, Berkeley, 1998.

DII. General works on specific topics

Important documentary collections, memoirs, literary works and statistical collections are listed above in B. Sources. Works dealing with specific periods are listed below in the chronological subsections.

DIIa. Political memoirs and biographies

DIIa1. General

A. Khavin, U ruliia industrii, Moscow: Politizdat, 1968 (sketches of some of the most important Soviet “builders”);

A. Lunacharsky, Revolutionary Silhouettes, New York, 1968 (interesting sketches of important leaders);

R. Medvedev, All Stalin’s Men, Oxford: Blackwell, 1983 (sketches of Stalin’s main cronies);

V. Medvedev, Dans l’ombre de Brejnev et de Gorbatchev: les derniers tsars rouges racontés par leur garde du corps, Paris 1988;

L. Trotsky, Portraits, Political and Personal, New York, 1977 (see also Politicheskie siluety, Moscow, 1926, 8th vol. of his Works);

D.A. Volkogonov, Autopsy for an Empire: The Seven Leaders Who Built the Soviet Regime, New York: Free Press, 1998 (effective portraits of Soviet leaders, from Lenin to Gorbachev); the longer Russian edition is Sem’ vozhdei: Galereia liderov SSSR, 2 vols., Moscow, 1995;

B.D. Wolfe, Three Who Made a Revolution: A Biographical History, New York, 1948 (Lenin, Trotsky, Stalin).

DIIa2. By person

In alphabetical order. See also the memoirs and biographical dictionaries listed in B. Sources and C. Reference tools above.

Z. Medvedev, Andropov, New York, 1984;

R.A. Medvedev, Neizvestnyi Andropov: politicheskaia biografiia, Moscow, 1999

A. Antonov-Ovseenko, Beriia, Moscow, 1999;

S. Beria, Beria, My Father, London, 2001;

A. Knight, Beria, Stalin’s First Lieutenant, Princeton, 1993;

V.F. Nekrasov, ed., Beriia: konets karery, Moscow, 1991;

Ju.V. Aksiutin, ed., L.I. Brezhnev: materialy k biografii, Moscow, 1991 (useful);

E. Bacon, M. Sandle, eds., Brezhnev Reconsidered, New York: Palgrave, 2002;

V. Sheludko, ed., Leonid Brezhnev v vospominaniiakh, razmyshleniiakh, suzhdeniiakh, Rostov-na-Donu, 1998;

L. Brezhneva, The World I Left Behind: Pieces of a Past, New York: Random House, 1995;

A. Larina, This I Cannot Forget: The Memoirs of Bukharin’s Widow, New York, 1993;

S. Cohen, Bukharin and the Bolshevik Revolution: A Political Biography, 1888-1938, New York, 1975 (has been a very important book);

M. Kun, Bukharin, ego druz’ia i vragi, Moscow, 1992;

R.A. Medvedev, Lichnost’ i epokha: politicheskii portret L.I. Brezhneva, Moscow: Novosti, 1991;

I. Zemtsov, Chernenko: The Last Bolshevik, New Brunswick, NJ, 1989;

L. Aron, Yeltsin: A Revolutionary Life, London, 1999;

M. Jansen, N. Petrov, Stalin’s Loyal Executioner: People’s Commissar Nikolai Ezhov, 1895-1940, Stanford 2002;

A. Gromyko, Memoirs, New York, 1989;

T. Prymak, Mykhailo Hrushevsky: The Politics of National Culture, Toronto, 1987;

N. Jasny, To Live Long Enough, Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1976;

R. Abraham, Alexander Kerensky: The First Love of the Revolution, London, 1987;

V.I. Gol’danskii, ed., I.B. Khariton: put’ dlinoiu v vek, Moscow, 1999;

A. Kirilina, L’Assassinat de Kirov: destin d’un stalinien, 1888-1934, Paris: Ed. du Seuil, 1995;

A. Adjoubei (Adzhubei), À l’ombre de Khrouchtchev, Paris: la Table ronde, 1989;

Iu.V. Aksiutin, Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev: materialy k biografii, Moscow, 1989;

G.W. Breslauer, Khrushchev and Brezhnev as Leaders: Building Authority in Soviet Politics, Boston: Allen & Unwin, 1982;

E. Crankshaw, Khrushchev: A Career, New York, 1966;

S. Khrushchev, Khrushchev on Khrushchev, Boston, 1990;

S. Khrushchev, Nikita Khrushchev and the Creation of a Superpower, University Park, 2000;

R. and Z. Medvedev, Khrushchev: The Years in Power, Paris, 1977;

W. Taubman, S. Khrushchev, A. Gleason, eds., Nikita Khrushchev, New Haven, CT, 2000;

W. Taubman, Khrushchev: The Man and His Era, New York: Norton, 2003 (an important book);

W.J. Tompson, Khrushchev: A Political Life, Basingstoke, Macmillan, 1995;

B. Farnsworth, Aleksandra Kollontai: Socialism, Feminism, and the Bolshevik Revolution, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1980;

T.E. O’Connor, The Engineer of Revolution: L.B. Krasin and the Bolsheviks, 1870-1926, Westview, 1992;

S.S. Khromov, Leonid Krasin: neizvestnye stranitsy biografii, 1920-1926 gg., Moscow, In-t rossiiskoi istorii RAN, 2001;

H. Carrère d’Encausse, Lénine, Paris, Fayard, 1998;

L. Fischer, The Life of Lenin, New York, 1964;

Institut Marksizma-Leninizma, V.I. Lenin: biograficheskaia khronika, 12 vols., Moscow, 1970-1982;

M. Lewin, Lenin’s Last Struggle, New York, 1968;

R. Service, Lenin: A Political Life, 2 vols., London, 1985-1991;

N. Valentinov, Encounters with Lenin, New York, 1968 (interesting);

D.A. Volkogonov, Lenin: A New Biography, New York, 1994;

H.D. Phillips, Between the revolution and the West. A Political Biography of Maxim M. Litvinov, Boulder, 1992;

B. Gross, Willi Münzenberg: eine politische Biografie, Leipzig: Forum, 1991;

S. Koch, Double Lives: Stalin, Willi Münzenberg and the Seduction of the Intellectuals, London: HarperCollins, 1995;

O.V. Khlevniuk, In Stalin’s Shadow: The Career of “Sergo” Ordzhonikidze (Moscow, 1993), Armonk, NY, 1995;

E. Heresch, Geheimakte Parvus: die gekaufte Revolution, Munich, 2000;

P.A. Zveteremich, Il grande Parvus, Milano: Garzanti, 1988 (an interesting reading);

A. Graziosi, G.L. Piatakov: A Mirror of Soviet History, in A. Graziosi, A New, Peculiar State, Westport, CT, 2000;

P. Broué, Rakovsky ou la révolution dans tous les pays, Paris: Fayard, 1996;
F. Conte, Christian Rakovski, 1873-1941: A Political Biography, Boulder, 1997;

Yu. Shapoval, ed., Petro Shelest: “Spravzhnij sud istoriï shche poperedu”, Kyiv, 2003;

A.N. Kolesnik, Khronika zhizni semi Stalina, Char’kov, 1990;

W. Laqueur, Stalin: The Glasnost Revelations, London: Unwin Hyman, 1990;

L. Marcou, Staline, vie privée, Paris, 1996;

J.-J. Marie, Staline, Paris: Fayard, 2001;

A. Ostrovskii, Kto stoial za spinoi Stalina? Tainy revoliutsionnogo podpol’ia, Moscow: OLMA Press, 2002;

B. Souvarine, Stalin: A Critical Survey of Bolshevism (1935), New York, 1972 (an important book);

R.C. Tucker, Stalin as a Revolutionary, 1879-1929, New York, 1973 and Stalin in Power: The Revolution from Above, 1928-1941, New York, 1990;

L.D. Trotsky, Stalin: An Appraisal of the Man and His Influence (1941), London, 1968;

A.B. Ulam, Stalin: The Man and His Era, Boston, 1989;

D.A. Volkogonov, Stalin: Triumph and Tragedy, New York, 1991;

A. Bennigsen, C. Lemercier-Quelquejay, Sultan-Galiev, le père de la révolution tiers-mondiste, Paris 1986 ;

R. Medvedev, D. Ermakov, “Seryi kardinal”: M.A. Suslov, Moscow: Respublika, 1992;

V.M. Tchernov (Chernov), Mes tribulations en Russie soviétique, Paris: I. Povolozky, (S. d.);

O.I. Gorelov, Tsugtsvang Mikhaila Tomskogo, Moscow, 1999;

P. Broué, Trotsky, Paris: Fayard, 1988;

I. Deutscher, Trotsky, 3 vols., New York, 1954-1963 (important);

D.A. Volkogonov, Trotsky: The Eternal Revolutionary, New York, 1996;

A. Vaksberg, Stalin’s Prosecutor: The Life of Andrei Vyshinsky, New York, 1991;

M. Wolf, Man Without Face: The Autobiography of Communism’s Greatest Spymaster, London, 1997;

N. Zhordania, Moia zhizn’, Stanford, Cal.: The Hoover Institution, 1968;

DIIb. Political history, ideology

See also the chronological subdivision below. For instance, on Stalinism see the 1930s, WWII, and the postwar subsections.

R.R. Abramovitch, The Soviet Revolution 1917-1939, New York: International Universities Press, 1962;

M.S. Agurski, The Third Rome: National Bolshevism in the USSR, Boulder, CO., 1987;

D. Bell, “Ten Theories in Search of Soviet Reality”, World Politics, 3 (1958);

N.A. Berdiaev, The Origin of Russian Communism, Ann Arbor, 1960 (a different perspective);

A. Besançon, The Rise of the GULag: Intellectual Origins of Leninism, New York, 1981;

A. Besançon, Présent soviétique et passé russe, Paris: Hachette, 1986;

C. Bettelheim, Class Struggles in the USSR, 2 vols., New York, 1976-1978;

S. Bialer, Stalin’s Successors: Leadership, Stability, and Change in the Soviet Union, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980;

C.E. Black, T.P. Thornton, eds., Communism and Revolution: the Strategic Uses of Political Violence, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1964;

Z. Brzezinski, The Permanent Purge, Cambridge, MA, 1956;

Z. Brzezinski, Ideology and Power in Soviet Politics, New York: Praeger, 1967;

Z. Brzezinski, The Grand Failure: The Birth and Death of Communism in the Twentieth Century, New York: Collier Books, 1990;

H. Chambre, L’Évolution du marxisme soviétique, Paris: Seuil, 1974;

D. Colas, Le léninisme. Philosophie et sociologie politique du léninisme, Paris, 1982;

R.H.S. Crossman, ed., The God that Failed: Six Studies in Communism, London: Hamilton, 1950;

A. D’Agostino, Marxism and the Russian Anarchists, S. Francisco, 1977;

A. D’Agostino, Soviet Succession Struggles: From Lenin to Gorbachev, Allen and Unwin,1988;

A.B. Evans, Soviet Marxism-Leninism: The Decline of an Ideology, Westport, CT, 1993;

M. Fainsod, J. Hough, How Russia Is Governed, Cambridge, MA, 1979;

M. Fainsod, Smolensk under Soviet rule, Cambridge, MA, 1958 (a fundamental book);

M. Flores, L’immagine dell’URSS: l’occidente e la Russia di Stalin, 1917-1956, Milano: Il Saggiatore, 1990;

T. Friedgut, Political Participation in the USSR, Princeton, 1979;

C.J. Friedrich, Z.K. Brzezinski, Totalitarian Dictatorship and Autocracy, Cambridge, MA, 1956;

F. Furet, The Passing of an Illusion: The Idea of Communism in the Twentieth Century, Chicago, 1999;

M. Heller, Histoire de la Russie et de son empire, Paris: Plon 1997;

J. Hough, The Soviet Prefects, Cambridge, MA, 1969;

A. Gleason, Totalitarianism, New York, 1995 (very useful);

L.H. Haimson, The Mensheviks from the Revolution of 1917 to the Second World War, Chicago, 1974;

C. Ingerflom, Le Citoyen impossible: les racines russes du léninisme, Paris: Payot, 1988;

Institut Marksizma-Leninizma, Istoriia kommunisticheskoi partii Sovetskogo soiuza, 6 vols., Moscow, 1964-1976;

K. Jowitt, New World Disorder: The Leninist Extinction, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992 (an original perspective);

T. Kondratieva, Bolcheviks et jacobins: itinéraire des analogies, Paris: Payot, 1989;

V.I. Kuptsova, ed., Stranitsy v istorii KPSS: fakty, problemy, uroki, 2 vols., Moscow, 1988-1989;

M. Lewin, Russia – USSR – Russia: The Drive and Drift of a Superstate, New York: New Press 1995;

A. Liebich, From the Other Shore: Russian Social Democracy after 1921, Cambridge, MA, 1997;

E. Mawdsley, S. White, The Soviet Elite from Lenin to Gorbachev: the CC and its members, Oxford, 2003;

M. Malia, The Soviet Tragedy: A History of Socialism in Russia, 1917-1991, New York, 1994;

H. Marcuse, Soviet Marxism: A Critical Analysis, New York, 1958;

N. Mitrokhin, Russkaia partiia. Dvizhenie russkikh natsionalistov v SSSR, 1953-1985, Moskva, 2003;

B. Moore, Jr., Soviet politics: the dilemma of power, New York: Harper & Row, 1965;

B.I. Nicolaevski, Power and the Soviet Elite, New York, 1965 (has been an important book);

A. Nove, ed., The Stalin Phenomenon, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1993;

A. Nove, Was Stalin Really Necessary?, London: Allen & Unwin, 1964;

T.H. Rigby, Communist Party Membership in the USSR, 1917-1967, Princeton, 1968;

L. Schapiro, The Communist Party of the Soviet Union, New York, 1970 (important);

M. Shatz, Jan Wacław Machajski: A Radical Critic of the Russian Intelligentsia and Socialism, Pittsburgh, 1989;

B. Souvarine, A contre-courant. Ecrits 1925-1939, Paris, 1985;

N.S. Timasheff, The Great Retreat: The Growth and Decline of Communism in Russia, New York: E.P. Dutton & co., 1946 (important);

Tsarisme, Bolchevisme, Stalinisme: vingt regards d’historiens, Paris: Institut d’études slaves, 1990

A.B. Ulam, The Bolsheviks (1965), Cambridge, MA, 1998;

A.G. Vichnevski, La faucille et le rouble: la modernisation conservatrice en URSS, Paris: Gallimard, 2000;

B. Wolfe, An Ideology in Power: Reflections on the Russian Revolution, New York, 1969;

V.V. Zhuravlev, Vlast’ i oppozitsiia: rossiiskii politicheskii protsess XX stoletiia, Moscow: Rosspen, 1995.

DIIc. Economics

See also the subsection on statistics in B. Sources, above.

DIIc1. Economic theory, economic thought

W. Brus, From Marx to the Market: Socialism in Search of an Economic System, Oxford, 1989;

W. Brus, Problèmes généraux du fonctionnement de l’économie socialiste, Paris, 1968;

B.D. Brutzkus, Economic Planning in Soviet Russia, London, 1935 (a fundamental book);

J.-M. Collette, Politique des investissements et calcul économique: l’expérience soviétique, Paris: Éditions Cujas, 1965;

D.C. Engerman, Modernization from the Other Shore: American Intellectuals and the Romance of Russian Development, Cambridge, MA, 2003;

F.A. von Hayek, ed., Collectivist Economic Planning: Critical Studies on the Possibilities of Socialism (1935), Clifton, NJ 1975 (important);

A. Katsenelinboigen, Soviet Economic Thought and Political Power in the USSR, New York: Pergamon Press, 1980;

J. Kornai, Economics of Shortage, Amsterdam, 1980 –important, see also “Shortage as a Fundamental Problem of the Centrally Planned Economies… (interview with J. Kornai),” Economics of Shortage, 3 (1982);

J. Kornai, The Socialist System: The Political Economy of Communism, Princeton, 1992;

L. von Mises, Die Gemeinwirtschaft: Untersuchungen über den Sozialismus, Jena: Fischer, 1922 (fundamental);

A. Nove, ed., Socialist Economics: Selected Readings, Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1972;

A. Nove, The Soviet Economic System, Boston, 1986;

G.E. Schroeder, “Reflections on Economic Sovietology,” Post-Soviet Affairs, 11, 3 (1995);

A. Stanziani, L’économie en révolution: le cas russe, 1870-1930, Paris: A. Michel, 1998;

P. Sutela, Socialism, Planning and Optimality: A Study in Soviet Economic Thought, Helsinki, 1984;

L. Szamuely, First Models of the Socialist Economic Systems, Budapest, 1974;

V. Treml, ed., Studies in Soviet Input-Output Analysis, New York: Praeger, 1977;

J.H. Wilhelm, “The failure of the American sovietological economics profession,” Europe-Asia Studies, 55, 1 (2003): 59-74;

J. Winiecki, The Distorted World of Soviet-Type Economies, Routledge, 1988;

A. Zauberman, Mathematical Theory in Soviet Planning, Oxford, 1976.

DIIc2. National income

See also the already quoted CIA’s Analysis of the Soviet Union 1947-91.

A.S. Becker, “Intelligence fiasco or reasoned accounting? CIA estimates of Soviet GNP”, Post-Soviet Affairs, 10, 4 (1994);

A. Bergson, The Real National Income of Soviet Russia Since 1928, Cambridge, MA, 1961;

A. Bergson, S. Kuznets, eds., Economic Trends in the Soviet Union, Cambridge, MA, 1963;

G.I. Khanin, Dinamika ekonomicheskogo razvitiia SSSR, Novosibirsk: Nauka 1991 –an important book, see M. Harrison, “Soviet Economic Growth Since 1928: The Alternative Statistics of G.I. Khanin,” Europe-Asia Studies, 1 (1993);

“U.S. Assessment of the Soviet and Post-Soviet Russian Economy: Lessons Learned and Not Learned,” Colloque, Kennan Institute of Russian Studies, March 27-28, 2002 (papers available from the Kennan Institute);

A.L. Vainshtein, Narodnyi dokhod Rossii i SSSR, Moscow: Nauka, 1969.

DIIc3. Money

A.Z. Arnold, Banks, credit and money in Soviet Russia, New York: Columbia University Press, 1937;

G. Garvy, Money, Financial Flows, and Credit in the Soviet Union, Cambridge, MA, 1977;

F.D. Holzman, Soviet Taxation: The Fiscal and Monetary Problems of a Planned Economy, Cambridge, MA, 1955;

L.E. Hubbard, Soviet Money and Finance, London: Macmillan, 1936;

G.Y. Sokolnikov, ed., Soviet Policy in Public Finance, 1917-1928, Stanford, CA. 1931.

DIIc4. Economic policy, applied economics

J. Adam, Employment Policies in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, London: Macmillan, 1987;

A. Bergson, The Economics of Soviet Planning, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1964;

J.S. Berliner, Factory and Manager in the USSR, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1957 (important);

J.S. Berliner, Soviet Industry from Stalin to Gorbachev, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1988;

B. Chavance, Les réformes économiques à l’est: de 1950 aux années 1990, Paris, 1992;

J. Degras, A. Nove, eds., Soviet Planning: Essays in Honor of Naum Jasny, Oxford, 1964;

T. Dunmore, The Stalinist Command Economy, London, 1980;

D.A. Dyker, The Process of Investment in the Soviet Union, Cambridge, 1981;

M. Ellman, Socialist Planning, Cambridge, 1989;

D. Granick, The Managament of the Industrial Firm in the USSR: A Study in Soviet Economic Planning, New York: Columbia University Press, 1954;

D. Granick, The Red Executive, New York: Doubleday, 1960;

G. Grossman, “The ‘Second Economy’ of the USSR,” Problems of Communism, 5 (1977) –still the crucial essay;

T. Gustafson, Crisis Amid Plenty: The Politics of Soviet Energy under Brezhnev and Gorbachev, Princeton, 1989;

V. Holubnychi, Soviet Regional Economics, Edmonton, Alta., 1982;

F.D. Holzman, The Economics of Soviet Bloc Trade and Finance, Boulder, 1987;

A. Katsenelinboigen, “Coloured Markets in the Soviet Union,” Soviet Studies, 1 (1977);

I.S. Koropeckyj, G.E. Schroeder, eds., Economics of Soviet Regions, New York, NY: Praeger, 1981;

D. Lane, The Socialist Industrial State, London, 1976;

M. Lavigne, Les économies socialistes soviétiques et européennes, Paris, 1979;

M. Lavigne, International Political Economy and Socialism, Cambridge, 1991;

M. Lewin, Political Undercurrents in Soviet Economic Debates: From Bukharin to the Modern Reformers, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1974 (useful);

S.J. Linz, ed., The Soviet Economic Experiment, University of Illinois Press, 1990;

B. Madison, Social Welfare in the Soviet Union, Stanford, 1968;

A. McAuley, Economic Welfare in the Soviet Union: Poverty, Living Standards, and Inequality, Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1979;

S. Rosefielde, Economic Welfare and the Economics of Soviet Socialism: Essays in Honor of Abram Bergson, Cambridge, 1981;

H. Rosovsky, ed., Industrialization in Two Systems: Essays in Honor of Alexander Gerschenkron, New York: Wiley, 1966;

G. Sokoloff, L’Économie obéissante: décision politiques et vie économique en U.R.S.S., Paris: Calmann-Lévy, 1976;

N. Spulber, ed., Soviet Strategy for Economic Growth, Bloomington, 1964 (a useful collection of Soviet texts from the 1920s);

S.G. Strumilin, Na planovom fronte, 1920-1930 gg., Moscow, 1958;

S.G. Strumilin, Problemy ekonomiki truda, Moscow, 1957.

DIId. Economic and social history

D.A. Baevskii, ed., Izmeneniia v chislennosti i sostave sovetskogo rabochego klassa, Moscow: Nauka, 1961;

A. Baykov, The Development of the Soviet Economic System, Cambridge, 1950;

C. Bettelheim, ed., L’Industrialisation de l’U.R.S.S. dans les années trente, Paris: École des hautes études en sciences sociales, 1982;

W.L. Blackwell, ed., Russian Economic Development from Peter the Great to Stalin, New York, 1974;

J. Chapman, Real Wages in Soviet Russia Since 1928, Cambridge, MA, 1963;

Cultures économiques et politiques économiques dans l’Empire tsariste et en URSS, 1861-1950, special issue, Cahiers du monde russe, 1-2 (1995);

R.W. Davies, ed., From Tsarism to the New Economic Policy: Continuity and Change in the Economy of the USSR, London: Macmillan Press, 1990;
R. W. Davies, Mark Harrison, S. G. Wheatcroft, eds., The Economic Transformation of the Soviet Union, 1913-1945, Cambridge: University Press, 1994 (useful);

G.A. Dikhtiar, Sovetskaia torgovlia v period postroeniia sotsializma, Moscow, 1961;

G.A. Dikhtiar, Sovetskaia torgovlia v period sotsializma, Moscow, 1965;

M. Dobb, Soviet Economic Development Since 1917, New York: International Publishers, 1967;

Z.M. Fallenbuchl, ed., Economic Development in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, 2 vols., New York: Praeger, 1975-1976;

S. Fitzpatrick, Education and Social Mobility in the Soviet Union, 1921-1934, Cambridge University Press, 1979;

G. Friedmann, De la sainte Russie à l’U.R.S.S., Paris: Gallimard, 1938;

R. Girault, Emprunts russes et investissement français en Russie, Paris, 1973;

P.R. Gregory, Before Command: An Economic History of Russia from Emancipation to the First Five-Year Plan, Princeton, 1994;

P.R. Gregory, Soviet and Post-Soviet Economic Structure and Performance, New York: HarperCollins, 1994;

P.R. Gregory, ed., Behind the Façade of Stalin's Command Economy: Evidence from the Soviet State and Party Archives, Stanford, 2001;

G. Guroff, F.V. Carstensen, eds., Entrepreneurship in Imperial Russia and the Soviet Union, Princeton, 1983;

P. Hanson, Rise and Fall of the Soviet Economy: An Economic History of the USSR, 1945-1991, London, 2003;

J. Hessler, A Social History of Soviet Trade: Trade Policy, Retail Practices, and Consumption, 1917-1953, Princeton, to be published (important);

A. Gerschenkron, Economic Backwardness in Historical Perspective, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1962;

N. Jasny, Soviet Industrialization, 1928-1952, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1961;

A.N. Malafeev, Istoriia tzenoobrazovaniia v SSSR, 1917-1963 gg., Moscow: Mysl’, 1964;

R. Moorsteen, R. Powell, The Soviet Capital Stock, 1928-1962, Homewood, Ill.: Irwin, 1966;

P. Naville, Le nouveau léviathan: le salaire socialiste, 5 vols., Paris: Anthropos, 1970-1962;

A. Nove, An Economic History of the USSR, 1917-1991, 3^rd ed., London: Penguin Books, 1992 (still important);

G.W. Nutter, Growth of Industrial Production in the Soviet Union, Princeton, 1962;

S.N. Prokopovicz, Histoire économique de l’U.R.S.S., Paris: Flammarion, 1952;

A.G. Rashin, Formirovanie rabochego klass v Rossii, Moscow, 1958;

J.-L. van Regemorter, D’une perestroïka à l’autre: l’évolution économique de la Russie de 1860 à nos jours, Paris: SEDES, 1990;

J. Sapir, Les fluctuations économiques en URSS, 1941-1985, Paris: Editions de l’EHESS, 1988;

S. Schwarz, Labor in the Soviet Union, New York, 1951;

Le social en proie à l’état soviétique, special issue, Le mouvement social, 196 (2001);

L.H. Siegelbaum, R.G. Suny, eds., Making Workers Soviet: Power, Class, and Identity, Ithaca, NY, 1994;

A.C. Sutton, Western Technology and Soviet Economic Development, 3 vols., Stanford, CA.: Hoover Institution, 1968-73;

S. Swianiewicz, Forced Labour and Economic Development: An Enquiry into the Experience of Soviet Industrialization, London: Oxford University Press, 1965;

I.Ia. Trifonov, Klassy i klassovaia bor’ba v SSSR, Leningrad, 1964;

V.A. Vinogradov, ed., Istoriia sotsialisticheskoi ekonomiki SSSR, 7 vols., Moscow: Nauka, 1976-1980;

E. Zaleski, Planning for Economic Growth in the Soviet Union, 1918-1932, Chapel Hill, 1971;

E. Zaleski, Stalinist Planning for Economic Growth, 1933-1952, Chapel Hill, 1980 (important).

DIIe. Society, demography, social problems

DIIf. Women

D. Atkinson, A. Dallin, eds., Women in Russia, Stanford, 1978;

S. Bridger, Women in the Soviet Countryside: Women’s Role in Rural Development, Cambridge 1987;

G.K. Browning, Women and Politics in the USSR: Consciousness Raising and Soviet Women’s Groups, New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1987;

B.E. Clements et al., eds., Russia’s Women: Accommodation, Resistance, Transformation, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991;

B.E. Clements, Daughters of Revolution: A History of Women in the USSR, Arlington Heights, IL: Harlan Davidson, Inc., 1994;

N.T. Dodge, Women in the Soviet Economy, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1966;

L. Edmondson, ed., Women and Society in Russia and the Soviet Union, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992;

B. Farnsworth, L. Viola, eds., Russian Peasant Women, New York: Oxford University Press, 1992;

S. Fitzpatrick, Y. Slezkine, eds., In the Shadow of Revolution: Life Stories of Russian Women from 1917 to the Second World War, Princeton, 2000;

W.Z. Goldman, Women, the State and Revolution: Soviet Family Policy and Social Life, 1917-1936, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993;

B. Holland, ed, Soviet Sisterhood, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1985;

M. Ilic, Women Workers in the Soviet Interwar Economy: From ‘Protection’ to ‘Equality’, Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1999;

G.W. Lapidus, ed., Women, Work and Family in the Soviet Union, Armonk, NY, 1982;

G.W. Lapidus, Women in Soviet Society: Equality, Development and Social Change, Berkeley: UC Press, 1978;

T. Mamonova, ed., Women and Russia: Feminist Writings from the Soviet Union, Oxford, 1984;

R. Marsh, ed., Women in Russia and Ukraine, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996;

A. McAuley, Women’s Work and Wages in the Soviet Union, London: Allen & Unwin, 1981;

R. Stites, The Women’s Liberation Movement in Russia: Feminism, Nihilism, and Bolshevism, 1860-1930, Princeton, 1991.

DIIg. Peasants and the countryside

See the subsection on the 1930s, below, for works on collectivization and famine.

Iu.V. Arutiunian, La structure sociale de la population rurale en URSS, Cahiers ISMEA, 12 (1979);

R. Bartlett, ed., Land Commune and Peasant Community in Russia: Communal Forms in Imperial and Early Soviet Society, London: Macmillan, 1990;

F. Belov, The History of a Soviet Collective Farm, New York: Praeger, 1955;

S. Benet, ed., Village of Viriatino: An Ethnographic Study of a Russian Village, New York: Anchor Books, 1970;

R. Conquest, ed., Agricultural Workers in the USSR, New York, 1969;

T.M. Cox, Peasants, Class and Capitalism: The Rural Research of L.N. Kricman and His School, Oxford, 1986;

T.M. Cox, Rural Sociology in the Soviet Union, London: Hurst, 1979;

V.P. Danilov, Rural Russia under the New Regime, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1988;

A. Graziosi, The Great Soviet Peasant War: Bolsheviks and Peasants, 1918-1933, Cambridge, MA, 1996;

N.A. Ivnitskii, Repressivnaia politika sovetskoi vlasti v derevne, 1928-33, Moscow, 2000 (important);

N. Jasny, The Socialized Agriculture of the USSR, Stanford, 1949;

Z.I. Kalugina, Lichnoe podsobnoe khoziaistvo v SSSR, Novosibirsk, 1991;

J.F. Karcz, The Economics of Communist Agriculture, International Development Institute, 1979;

B. Kerblay, L’Izba d’hier et d’aujourd’hui, Lausanne: L’Âge d’homme, 1973;

B. Kerblay, Du mir aux agrovilles, Paris: Institut d’études slaves, 1985;

M.P. Kim, ed., Istoriia sovetskogo khrest’ianstva i kolkhoznogo stroitel’stva v SSSR, Moscow, 1963;

M.-C. Maurel, La Campagne collectivisée: société et espace rural en Russie, Paris: Éditions Anthropos, 1980;

Z. Medvedev, Soviet Agriculture, New York: Norton, 1987 (an important book);

J.R. Millar, ed., The Soviet Rural Community, Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1971;

T. Shanin, The Awkward Class; Political Sociology of Ppeasantry in a Developing Society: Russia 1910-1925, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972;

G.I. Shmelev, Lichnoe podsobnoe khoziaistvo i ego sviazi s obshchestvennom proizvodstve, Moscow, 1971;

A.V. Chayanov, The Theory of Peasant Economy (1923), Homewood, IL., 1966 (important);

L.M. Timofeev, L’arte del contadino di fare la fame, ovvero la tecnica del mercato nero in Russia, Bologna: Il Mulino 1983;

O.M. Verbitskaia, Rossiiskoe krest’ianstvo: ot Stalina k Khrushchevu, Moscow, 1992;

L. Volin, A Century of Russian Agriculture, Harvard University Press, 1970;

K.E. Wädekin, The Private Sector in Soviet Agriculture, Berkeley, 1973;

K.E. Wädekin, Agrarian Policies in Communist Europe: A Critical Introduction, The Hague: Nijhoff, 1981;

K.E. Wädekin, Communist Agriculture: Farming in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, London: Routledge, 1990;

G. Yaney, The Urge to Mobilize: Agrarian Reform in Russia, 1861-1930, Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1982;

T.I. Zaslavskaia, Raspredelenie po trudu v kolkhozakh, Moscow: Ekonomika, 1966;

T.I. Zaslavskaia, ed., Migratsiia sel’skogo naseleniia, Moscow: Mysl’, 1970.

DIIh. Repression and political police

See B. Sources, above, for the collections of documents published by Memorial Association as well as many of the memoirs and literary works. See also the chronological subsections below, especially, but not only, on the 1930s.

DIIh1. Repression

N.D. Adler, The Gulag Survivor: Beyond the Soviet System, Somerset, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2002;

G. Alexopoulos, Stalin’s Outcasts: Aliens, Citizens, and the Soviet States, 1926-1936, Ithaca, N.Y., 2003;

A.V. Antonov-Ovseenko Time of Stalin: Portrait of a Tiranny, New York, Harper & Row, 1981;

A. Applebaum, Gulag: A History, New York, 2003;

Jörg Baberowski, Der rote Terror. Die Geschichte des Stalinismus, München: Deutsche Verlagsanstalt, 2003;
F. Bettanin, Il lungo terrore: politica e repressioni in URSS, 1917-1953, Editori riuniti: Roma, 1999;

N.F. Bugai, The Deportation of Peoples in the Soviet Union, New York, 1996;

N.F. Bugai, Kavkaz: narody v eshelonakh (20-60e gody), Moscow: Insan, 1998;

R. Conquest, Stalin: Breaker of Nations, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1991;
R. Conquest, The Nation Killers: Soviet Deportation of Nationalities, Londres: Macmillan, 1970;

S. Courtois, ed., The Black Book of Communism, Cambridge, MA, 1999 (see Nicolas Werth’s essay);

M. Craveri, Resistenza nel Gulag. Un capitolo inedito della destalinizzazione in Unione Sovietica, Soveria Mannelli, 2003;

D.J. Dallin, B.I. Nicolaevsky, Forced Labor in Soviet Russia, New Haven, 1947 (now surpassed, but the first important book on the topic);

E. Dundovich, F. Gori, E. Guercetti, Reflections on the Gulag, Milano, 2003;

J. Arch Getty, T. Rittersporn, V.N. Zemskov, “Victims of the Soviet Penal System in the Pre-War Years: A First Approach on the Basis of Archival Evidence,” The American Historical Review, 4 (1993);

P.R. Gregory, V. Lazarev, eds., The Economics of Forced Labor: The Soviet Gulag, Stanford, Hoover Institution Press, 2003;

G.M. Ivanova, Labor Camp Socialism: The GULag in the Soviet Totalitarian System (Moscow, 1997), Armonk, NY: Sharpe, 2000;

M. Jakobson, Origins of the GULag: The Soviet Prison Camp System, 1917-1933, Lexington: University of Kentucky, 1993;

R. Karklins, “The Organization of Power in Soviet Labor Camps,” Soviet Studies, April (1989);

J.-J. Marie, Les peuples déportés d’Union soviétique, Bruxelles: Complexe, 1996;

T. Martin, “The Origins of Soviet Ethnic Cleansing,” The Journal of Modern History, 4 (1998) (an important essay);

G.P. Maximoff, The Guillotine at Work: Twenty Years of Terror in Russia, Chicago, IL.: The Alexander Berkman Fund, 1940 (on the repression of the anticommunist left);

S.P. Melgunov, The Red Terror in Russia (1926), Westport, CT, 1975;

N. Naimark, Fires of Hatred: Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth-Century Europe, Cambridge, MA, 2001;

A.E. Gur’ianov, ed., Repressii protiv poliakov i pol’skikh grazhdan, Moscow, 1997;

J. Otto Pohl, The Stalinist Penal System: A Statistical History of Soviet Repression and Terror, 1930-1953, Jefferson N.C.: McFarland and Co., 1997 (a useful summary);

J. Otto Pohl, Ethnic Cleansing in the USSR, 1937-1949, Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1999 (useful);

P. Polian, Against their will. The history and geography of forced migration in the USSR [2001], CEU Press, Budapest, 2003 (useful);

J. Rossi, The GULag Handbook: An Encyclopedia Dictionary, New York, 1989 (remarkable);

J.L. Schere, M. Jakobson, “The Collectivization of Agriculture and the Soviet Prison Camp System,” Europe-Asia Studies, 3 (1993);

A. Solzhenitsyn, The GULag Archipelago: 1918-1956, An Experiment in Literary Investigation, London, 1974 (fundamental, of course);

K. Štajner, 7000 Days in Siberia, New York, 1988;

IRI, RAN, Vlast’ i obshchestvo v SSSR: Politika repressii (20-40-e gg.), Moscow, 2000;

S. Wheatcroft, “The Scale and Nature of Nazi and Soviet Repression and Mass Killings, 1930-1945,” Europe-Asia Studies, 8 (1996) (interesting);

S. Wheatcroft, “Victims of Stalinism and the Soviet Secret Police: The Comparability and Reliability of the Archival Data,” Europe-Asia Studies, 2 (1999);

Women’s Voices from Soviet Labor Camps, Baltimore: Smoloskyp Publishers, 1975.

DIIh2. Political police

E. Albats, The State within a State: The KGB and Its Hold on Russia, New York, 1994;

C. Andrew, O. Gordievsky, KGB: The Inside History of Its Foreign Operations, New York, 1990;

C. Andrew, V. Mitrokhin, The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB, New York, 1999 (important);

C. Andrew, V. Mitrokhin, The Mitrokhin Arkhive: The KGB in Europe and the West, London, 1999;

V.M. Chebrikov, ed., Istoriia sovetskikh organov gosudarstvennoi bezopasnosti, Moscow: KGB, 1977;

J.J. Dziak, Chekisty: A History of the KGB, Lexington: Lexington Books, 1988;

V. Izmozik, Glaza i ushi rezhima: gosudarstvennyi politicheskii kontrol’ za naseleniem sovetskoi Rossii v 1918-1928 godakh, St. Petersburg, 1995;

A. Knight, The KGB, Winchester, MA: Allen & Unwin, 1988;

A. Kokurin, N.V. Petrov, R.G. Pikhoia, eds., Lubianka: VChK-OGPU-NKVD-NKGB-MGB-MVD-KGB, 1917-1960: spravochnik, Moscow, 1997 (required reference);

G. Leggett, The Cheka: Lenin’s Political Police, New York: Oxford, 1981;

B. Levytsky, The Uses of Terror:The Soviet Secret Police, 1917-1970, New York, 1972;

V.V. Korovin, Istoriia otechestvennykh organov bezopastnosti, Moscow: Norma-Infa-M, 1998;

M. Parrish, Soviet Security and Intelligence Organizations, 1917-1990, New York, 1992;

N.V. Petrov, K.V. Skorkin, eds., Kto rukovodil NKVD, 1934-1941, Moscow, 1999;

La Police politique en Union soviétique, 1918-195

PART 4

D. Works