Religion 216
Ethnography of Jewish Experience
Dickinson College
Shalom Staub
Office: 106 East College
Phone: 238-1770 (at Institute for Cultural Partnerships)
E-mail: staubs@dickinson.edu
Office hours: Monday, 4:15-5:15 and by appointment
Judaism is commonly studied as a religion. Within Judaism, the concept of ’am yisrael, the “nation of Israel” foregrounds “peoplehood.” With Biblical roots reaching back three millenia, Jews and Judaism have adapted themselves to life in and out of the Land of Israel. Over more than two millenia, Jews have lived throughout the Middle East, and over time expanded their places of residence to Europe, parts of Africa, and most recently the Americas. In their language and customs, among many other areas of expression, the practices of Jewish communities have grown virtually unrecognizable to one another. Over this expanse of time and space, we may therefore ask, what exactly is Jewish culture? What is common to Jewish cultural experiences across time and place? Is there something at core “Jewish” about the broad variety of cultural expressions? How might we understand the variability and local adaptations of Jewish life?
This course uses the lens of anthropological inquiry to explore core cultural processes as themes in Jewish experience across time and space. Patterns of cultural transmission and cultural change, cultural interaction across social boundaries, and responses to adversity and crisis are among such core cultural processes. Further, we will explore how the construct “culture” itself shapes experience of time, memory, space, place, the senses, gender, and aesthetics, among other elements of human experience.
Assignments: You are required to read assigned materials. Be prepared to discuss readings in class. Written assignments will be due as noted.
Evaluation: Class attendance and participation counts for 30% of your semester’s grade. Over the semester, you will be required to submit brief analytical essays based on the readings (to be posted to the course’s Blackboard site). These writing assignments, and your active participation in the web site-based discussion, will collectively count for 30% of your grade. A research paper will count for the final 40% of your evaluation. There will not be a mid-term or final exam.
The analytical essays: Six times during the semester, I will distribute a question or statement as the focus for a particular written assignment. In your essay of not more than 500 words, address the issue directly; do not take a lot of space to rephrase the question or set up your argument. Just make your points. I will evaluate these assignments according to:
• the clarity of your writing and argument,
• your understanding and incorporation of the readings,
• your ability to analyze the material and apply a creative and intellectually critical perspective.
Due dates will be clearly set, and late submissions will result in grade penalties.
At the end of the semester, students will submit a portfolio of your essays. In this final evaluation of your analytical essays, I will look for cumulative evidence of mastery of the course: your ability to integrate the concepts and issues of the course with the Jewish sources, and your facility with the range of Jewish ethnographic materials.
The research paper: The research paper is an opportunity for students to identify a particular aspect of the course material of interest and develop your understanding through further reading and original research. I will structure a process to guide students through the selection of a topic and research. I encourage students to meet with me during office hours to discuss topics in Jewish ethnography that are of interest and to focus your interests into a research paper. Anthropology students with a prior course in fieldwork are encouraged to consider a fieldwork-based research paper. Students will be required to submit a written research paper proposal by October 29. Proposals will require that the student identify a particular cultural process and corpus of material for further study. You will be asked to formulate a problem or question for investigation, and a bibliography appropriate to your research. By November 28, you will be required to submit a detailed outline of your research paper. This initial and intermediate stage review will allow for feedback to the student before the main activity of your research and again before the bulk of your writing.
Required Books
Lowenstein, Steven M. The Jewish Cultural Tapestry: International Jewish Folk Traditions. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000.
Goldberg, Harvey E., editor and translator, with introduction and commentaries. The Book of Mordechai: A Study of the Jews of Libya. Selections from the Highid Mordechai of Mordechai Hakohen. London: Darf Publishers, 1993.
Kugelmass, Jack and Jonathan Boyarin, editors and translators. From a Ruined Garden: The Memorial Books of Polish Jewry. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1998.
Susan Starr Sered, Women as Ritual Experts: The Religious Lives of Elderly Jewish Women in Jerusalem. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992.
In addition to the required books, I will expect students to make extensive use of web-based resources. I have compiled a set of useful web sites as starting points for the on-line ethnographic investigation of Jewish experience. No doubt students will discover additional sites and add to this list.
A note on the required books: Specific reading assignments in these required books do appear in the syllabus below, but please note--this is to only to call your attention to specific relevant sections. The sooner you read these four books in their entirety, the sooner you will be able to draw upon fascinating raw data for the class discussions and analytical reading assignments.
Lowenstein’s book provides a valuable historical overview of Jewish regional cultural variation, with special attention to Jewish migration history, languages, names, religious practice, cuisine, costume, music, and physical appearance. It will greatly enhance your participation in this course to read the entire book as soon as possible.
Two of the three books remaining books (Goldberg, Kugelmass and Boyarin) were chosen for their special value as primary documents providing insight into the experiences of Eastern European and North African Jewish experiences. Sered’s ethnographic study focuses on Jewish women, offering a valuable counterpoint to much of the other course material where women’s voices are more difficult to discern. You will be expected to read all three books in their entirety, and be able to draw upon these primary sources in your contribution to class discussion and in your analytical essays. The sooner you read these books the better.
Course Outline, with additional reading assignments
The following section includes more reading than any student will possibly do in this course; however, particular readings will be identified as “recommended.” I have included the references for several reasons:
1) the theoretical readings in anthropology will be of particular interest to those students wishing to delve more deeply into the anthropological literature;
2) the ethnographic studies will provide examples of ethnographic analyses of field data and can serve as models for your own research work;
3) critical essays on the construction of knowledge (whether ethnographic writing, autobiographical writing, community memoirs, etc.) provide a deeper understanding of the material we are considering;
4) as you discover particular topics that interest you for your research paper, the additional references can provide an initial road map for your investigation.
September 3: Ethnography of Jewish Experience: A Road Map
September 5: Culture Concepts
Lowenstein, Chapter 1: “Folk Traditions,” Chapter 3, “Jewish Languages”
Toelken: Chapter 7: “Folklore and Cultural Worldview”
Dan Sperber, On Anthropological Knowledge. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982.
September 10: Continuities: Religious Law
Lowenstein, Chapter 5: “Religious Practice”
Toelken: Chapter 2: Dynamics of the Folk Group
Cooper, Samuel. “The Laws of Mixture: An Anthropological Study in Halakhah.” In Goldberg 1987.
September 12: Jewish time
Eviatar Zerubavel, Hidden Rhythms: Schedules and Calendars in Social Life. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1981.
Eviator Zerubavel, The Seven Day Circle: The History and Meaning of the Week. New York: The Free Press, 1985.
Goldberg 1993. Chapter 3: “Communal Life and Festivals”
September 17: Jewish Space
Lowenstein, Chapter 2, “Regional Cultures”
Haya Bar-Itshak, Jews of Poland: Legends of Origin, Ethnopoetics and Legendary Chronicles. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2001. See Chapter 1: The Geography of the Jewish Imagination.”
Janet Belcove-Shalin, “Home in Exile: Hasidim in the New World.” In Belcove-Shalin.
Doleve-Gandelman, Tsili, “The Symbolic Inscription of Zionist Ideology in the Space of Eretz Israel: Why the Native Israeli is Called Tsabar.” In Goldberg 1987.
September 19: The Cycle of Life
Arnold Van Gennep, The Rites of Passage, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1960
Goldberg 1993. Chapter 4: “The Life Cycle and the Family”
Toelken: Chapter 4: Dimensions of the Folk Event
Michele Klein, A Time to Be Born: Customs and Folklore of Jewish Birth. Philadelphia, Jewish Publication Society, 2000.
Samuel Heilman. When a Jew Dies. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001.
Arthur Goren, “Traditional Institutions Transplanted: The Hevra Kadisha in Europe and America.” In Rischin.
September 24: The Cycle of the Year
Lowenstein, pp. 95-103
Goldberg 1993. Chapter 3: Communal Life and Festivals
September 26: Library Research Orientation for Research Paper
Meet at the Library’s main Reference Desk for an orientation session to valuable library resources in ethnography and Judaic studies with Reference Librarian Kirk Moll.
October 1: Enculturation/Acculturation
Ivan G. Marcus, Rituals of Childhood: Jewish Acculturation in Medieval Europe, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996.
Shlomo Goitein, “Jewish Education in Yemen as an Archetype of Jewish Education”
October 3: Video
October 8: Place
Samuel Heilman, Synagogue Life: A Study in Symbolic Interaction. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1976.
Shlomo Deshen, The Mellah Society: Jewish Community Life in Sherifian Morocco. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989. See Chapter 7: Religious Life: The Synagogues.
Haya Bar-Itzhak, “‘The Unknown Variable Hidden Underground’ and the Zionist Idea: Rhetoric of Place in an Israeli Kibbutz and Cultural Interpretation,” Journal of American Folklore 1999.
October 10: Video
October 15: Memory
J. David Sapir and J. Christopher Crocker, editors, The Social Use of Metaphor: Essays on the Anthropology of Rhetoric. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, 1977.
Paul Connerton, How Societies Remember. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989.
Nahman Ben-Yehuda, The Masada Myth: Collective Memory and Mythmaking in Israel. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1995.
Yosef Hayim Yerushalmi, Zakhor: Jewish History and Jewish Memory. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1982.
James E. Young, The Texture of Memory: Holocaust Memorials and Meaning. New Haven, Yale University Press, 1993.
Yael Zerubavel, Recovered Roots: Collective Memory and the Making of Israeli National Tradition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995. See Part I: History, Collective Memory and Countermemory.
Joelle Bahloul, The Architecture of Memory: A Jewish-Muslim Household in Colonial Algeria, 1937-1962
Hasia R. Diner, Lower East Side Memories: A Jewish Place in America. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000.
Barbara Kirshenblatt-Gimblett, “The Folk Culture of Jewish Immigrant Communities: Research Paradigms and Directions,” In Rischen.
Kay Kaufman Shelemay, Let Jasmine Rain Down: Song and Remembrance among Syrian Jews. With compact disk. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998.
October 17: Memory
October 17, 7:00 to 10:00 p.m. (Weiss Recital Hall): Flory Jagoda Music and Dance–Sephardic Traditions from Sarajevo
October 22 [no class]
October 24: Gender
Gilad, Lisa. Ginger and Salt: Yemeni Jewish Women in an Israeli Town. Boulder: Westview Press, 1989.
Weissler, Chava, Voices of the Matriarchs: Listening to the Prayers of Early Modern Jewish Women. Boston: Beacon Press, 1998. Part I: The Tkhines, Religious Literature in Yiddish, and the Construction of Gender in Ashkenazic Judaism.
Eilberg-Schwartz, Howard. “The Fruitful Cut: Circumcision and Israel’s Symbolic Language of Fertility, Descent and Gender,” “Menstrual Blood, Semen, and Discharge: The Fluid Symbolism of the Human Body” In Eilberg-Shwartz 1990.
Prell, Riv-Ellen. “Sacred Categories and Social Relations: The Visibility and Invisibility of Gender in an American Jewish Community.” In Goldberg 1987.
Rebecca Alpert, “Challenging Male/Female Complementarity: Jewish Lesbians and the Jewish Tradition.” In Eilberg-Schwartz 1992.
October 29: Ritual as Performance
Toelken: Chapter 3: The Folk Performance
Epstein, Shifra. “Drama on a Table: The Bobover Hasidim Piremshpiyl.” In Goldberg 1987.
Samuel Heilman, The People of the Book: Drama, Fellowship, and Religion. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983.
Jack Lighthouse and Frederick Bird, Ritual and Ethnic Identity: A Comparative Study of the Society Meaning of Liturgical Ritual in Synagogues. Waterloo, Ontario: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 1995.
October 31: The Aesthetic Impulse–Arts and Material Culture
Toelken: Chapter 5: Aesthetics and Repertoire
Goldberg, Chapter 2: “Economy and Language”
Robert Plant Armstrong, The Powers of Presence: Consciousness, Myth and Affecting Presence. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1981.
Harold Leibowitz, “Rabbinic Attitudes towards Art and Decoration.” In Jewish Folklore and Ethnology Review 1988.
Samuel Heilman, “Jews and Judaica: Who Owns and Buys What?” In Zenner.
November 5: Syncretism--Localizing the Jewish
Lucette Valensi, “Religious Orthodoxy or Local Tradition: Marriage Celebration in Southern Tunisia.” In Cohen and Udovitch, editors, Jews among Arabs.
Weissler, “American Transformations of the Tkhines.” In Weissler.
Beatrice Weinrich, “The Americanization of Passover.” In Patai, Utley and Noy.
Walter Zenner, “Censorship and Syncretism: Some Social Anthropological Approaches to the Study of Middle Eastern Jews.” In Talmage.
November 7: Syncretism--Judaizing the Foreign
Joelle Bahloul, “From a Muslim Banquet to a Jewish Seder: Foodways and Ethnicity among North African Jews.” In Cohen and Udovitch, editors, Jews among Arabs.
Aliza Shenhar, Section I: “The ‘Judaization’ of Universal Folktales” in Jewish and Israeli Folklore. New Delhi, South Asian Publishers, 1986.
November 12: Intermediaries of Holiness: Saints and Rebbes
Solomon Poll, “The Charismatic Leader of the Hasidic Community: The Zaddiq, the Rebbe.” In Belcove-Shalin.
Alex Weingrod, The Saint of Beersheba. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1990.
Yoram Bilu, “Personal Motivation and Social Meaning in the Revival of Hagiolatric Traditions among Moroccan Jews in Israel.” In Sobel and Beit-Hallahmi.
Issachar Ben-Ami, “Saint Veneration among North African Jews.” In Jewish Folklore and Ethnography 1993
November 14: Radical Departures
Yael Zerubavel, Recovered Roots, See Part 2: The Birth of National Myths and Part 3, Literature, Ritual and the Invention of Tradition
Oz Almog, The Sabra: The Creation of the New Jew. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000.
Barbara Kirshenblatt-Gimblett, “Sounds of Sensibility”
Penina Adelman, “A Drink from Miriam’s Cup: Invention of Tradition among Jewish Women.” In Sacks.
Mark Slobin, “Fiddler Off the Roof: Klezmer Music and an Ethnic Musical Style.” In Rischin.
November 19: Responses to Adversity and Crisis
Yaffa Eliach, Hasidic Tales of the Holocaust, New York: Oxford University Press, 1982.
Shifra Epstein, “The Bobover Hasidim Piremshpiyl: From Folk Drama for Purim to a Ritual of Transcending the Holocaust.” In Belcove-Shalin.
November 24 [no class]
November 26: Boundaries
Yoram Bilu and Andre Levy, “Nostalgia and Ambivalence: The Reconstruction of Jewish-Muslim Relations in Oulad Mansour.” In Goldberg 1996.
Mark R. Cohen and Abraham L. Udovitch, editors, Jews among Arabs: Contacts and Boundaries. Princeton: The Darwin Press, 1989.
Walter Zenner, 1988. Part I: Identities and Identification.
Eva Hoffman, Shtetl: The Life and Death of a Small Town and the World of Polish Jews. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1997.
November 28: Jews as “Other”
Sander Gilman, The Jew’s Body. New York: Routledge, 1991.
P. Po-chia Hsia, The Myth of Ritual Murder: Jews and Magic in Reformation Germany. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988.
Hagar Salamon, The Hyena People: Ethiopian Jewish in Christian Ethiopia. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999.
Joshua Trachtenberg, The Devil and the Jews: The Medieval Conception of the Jew and Its Relation to Modern Anti-Semitism. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1983.
Alan Dundes, editor, The Blood Libel Legend: A Casebook in Anti-Semitic Folklore. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1991.
Galit Hasan-Rokem and Alan Dundes, editors, The Wandering Jew: Essays in the Interpretation of a Christian Legend. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1986.
Olga Goldberg-Mulkiewicz, “The Stereotype of the Jew in Polish Folklore.” In Ben Ami and Dan.
Claudine Fabre-Vassas, The Singular Beast: Jews, Christians, and the Pig. New York: Columbia University Press, 1997.
December 3: Jews as “Other”
December 5: Jewish Construction of the “Other”
Read Genesis Chapter Chapter 25: 19-34, Chapter 26: 34-35, Chapter 27: 1-46, Chapter 28: 1-9, Chapter 32: 4-33, Chapter 33: 1-17.
December 10: “Other” Jews
Shaye J.D. Cohen, The Beginnings of Jewishness: Boundaries Varieties, Uncertainties. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999.
William Shaffir, “Boundaries and Self-Presentation among the Hasidim.” In Belcove-Shalin.
Samuel G. Freedman, Jew vs. Jew: The Struggle for the Soul of American Jewry. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2000.
Henry Abramovitch, “The Jerusalem Funeral as a Microcosm of the ‘Mismeeting’ between Religious and Secular Israelis.” In Sobel and Beit-Hallahmi.
Laurence Loeb, “HaBaD & Habban: “770's” Impact on a Yemenite Jewish Community in Israel.” In Belcove-Shalin.
December 12: “Other” Jews
Additional Resources
Books/Journals (Items marked with ** are on reserve)
Abramson, Glenda, editor. Modern Jewish Mythologies. Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College Press, 2000.
Ben Ami, Issachar and Joseph Dan, editors. Studies in Aggadah and Jewish Folklore. Jerusalem: The Magnes Press, 1983.
Belcove-Shalin, Janet, editor. New World Hasidim: Ethnographic Studies of Hasidic Jews in America. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1995.
Brauer, Erich. The Jews of Kurdistan. Compiled and edited by Raphael Patai. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1993.
Breslauer, S. Daniel, The Seductiveness of Jewish Myth: Challenge or Response? Albany: State University of New York Press, 1997.
Cooper, John. Eat and Be Satisfied: A Social History of Jewish Food. Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson, 1993.
Dominguez, Virginia R., People as Subject, People as Object: Selfhood and Peoplehood in Contemporary Israel. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1989.
Eilberg-Schwartz, Howard. The Savage in Judaism: An Anthropology of Israelite Religion and Ancient Judaism. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1990.
Eilberg-Schwartz, Howard, editor. People of the Body: Jews and Judaism from an Embodied Perspective. Albany: State University of Albany Press, 1992.
**Goldberg, Harvey, editor. Judaism Viewed from Within and Without: Anthropological Studies. State University of New York Press, 1987.
Goldberg, Harvey, editor. Sephardi and Middle Eastern Jewries: History and Culture in the Modern Era. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1996.
Heilman, Samuel. Defenders of the Faith: Inside Ultra-Orthodox Jewry. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992.
Jewish Folklore and Ethnology Review
**Special Issue on Sephardic Jewish Communities of North Africa and Europe, 1982
**Special Issue on American Jewish Ethnography, 1985
**Special Issue on Jewish Music, 1986
**Special Issue on Jewish Dance, 1986
**Special Issue on Jewish Foodways, 1987
**Special Issue on Jewish Photoethnography, 1988
**Special Issue on Jewish Material Culture, 1988
**Special Issue on Folklore and Ethnography of Israeli Society, 1989
**Special Issue on Jewish Women, 1990
**Special Issue on Jewish-Gentile Relations, 1991
Jews of the Heartland, 1991
Jewish Folk Literature, 1992
Yiddish Folklore, 1993
Sephardic Folklore: Exile and Homecoming, 1993
Jews and the Media, 1994
Pilgrimage, 1995
Crypto-Jews of the American Southwest?, 1996
The Jewish Catskills, 1997
Special Issue on Jewish Dance, 2000
**Kugelmass, Jack, editor, Between Two Worlds: Ethnographic Essays on American Jewry. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1988.
Lewis, Herbert, After the Eagles Landed: The Yemenites of Israel. Boulder: Westview Press, 1989.
Loeb, Laurence D. Outcaste: Jewish Life in Southern Iran. New York: Gordon and Breach, 1977.
McNutt, Paula, Reconstructing the Society of Ancient Israel. Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press, 1999.
**Patai, Raphael, Francis Lee Utley, and Dov Noy, editors, Studies in Biblical and Jewish Folklore. New York: Haskell House Publishers, 1973.
Patai, Raphael. On Jewish Folklore. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1983.
Rischin, Moses, editor, The Jews of North America. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1987.
**Sacks, Maurie, Active Voices: Women in Jewish Culture. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1995.
Sanua, Victor, editor, Fields of Offerings: Studies in Honor of Raphael Patai. London: Associated University Presses, 1983.
Schwarcz, Vera, Bridge Across Broken Time: Chinese and Jewish Cultural Memory. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998.
Sobel, Zvi and Benjamin Beit-Hallahmi, editors, Tradition, Innovation, Conflict: Jewishness and Judaism in Contemporary Israel. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1991.
Shandler, Jeffrey and Beth Wenger, Encounters with the “Holy Land”: Place, Past and Future in American Jewish Culture. Hanover: University Press of New England, 1997.
Shiloah, Amnon, Jewish Musical Traditions. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1992.
Stoller, Paul. The Taste of Ethnographic Things: The Senses in Anthropology. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1989.
**Talmage, Frank, editor, Studies in Jewish Folklore. Cambridge: Association for Jewish Studies, 1980.
Toelken, Barre. The Dynamics of Folklore. Logan: Utah State University Press, 1996.
Turner, Victor W. and Edward M. Bruner, editors, The Anthropology of Experience. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1986.
Urian Dan, and Efraim Karsh, In Search of Identity: Jewish Aspects in Israeli Culture. London: Frank Cass, 1999.
Weingrod, Alex, editor, Studies in Israeli Ethnicity. New York: Gordon and Breach, 1985.
Yassif, Eli. Jewish Folklore: An Annotated Bibliography. New York: Garland, 1986.
Yassif, Eli. The Hebrew Folktale: History, Genre, Meaning. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1999.
**Zenner, Walter P., editor. Persistence and Flexibility: Anthropological Perspectives on the American Jewish Experience. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1988.
Zborowski, Mark and Elizabeth Herzog, Life is with People: The Culture of the Shtetl. New York: Schocken Press, 1995. Note the 1995 edition’s introduction by Barbara Kirshenblatt-Gimblett.
Conceptualizing the Field
Goldberg, Harvey, “Reflections on the Mutual Relevance of Anthropology and Judaic Studies.” In Goldberg 1987.
Eilberg-Schwartz, Howard. “Savaging Judaism: Anthropology of Judaism as Cultural Critique.” In Eilberg-Schwartz 1990.
Kirshenblatt-Gimblett, Barbara. “The Folk Culture of Jewish Immigrant Communities: Research Paradigms and Directions.” In Rischin.
Barbara Kirshenblatt-Gimblett, “Introduction. ” In Zborowski and Herzog, Life is with People.
Barbara Kirshenblatt-Gimblett, “Ethnographic Approaches to Collection, Presentation and Interpretation in Museums.” In Jewish Folklore And Ethnology Review 1988.
Dov Noy, “Eighty Years of Jewish Folkloristics: Achievements and Tasks.” In Talmage.
Raphael Patai, “Jewish Folklore and Jewish Tradition.” In Patai 1983.
Raphael Patai, “Problems and Tasks of Jewish Folklore and Ethnology.” In Patai 1983.
Walter Zenner and Janet Belcove-Shalin, “The Cultural Anthropology of American Jewry.” In Zenner.
Internet Resources (Linked)
General Gateways:
JewishNet: Global Jewish Information Network
Jewish Museums and Exhibits, Music and Dance
Jewish Museums:
Diaspora Museum–Beit Hatefustot
Virtual Exhibit: Jews in Arab Lands Today
Virtual Exhibit: Jews of Romania
Judaica and Jewish Ethnography at the Israel Museum, Jerusalem
Skirball Cultural Center, Los Angeles
National Museum of American Jewish History, Philadelphia
Memorial Museum of Hungarian Speaking Jews
U. Nahon Museum of Italian Jewish Art
Misgav Yerushalayim: The Center for Research and Study of Sephardi and Oriental Jewish Heritage
Jewish Community Pages:
Jewish Communities of the World
Babylonian Jewish Heritage Center
Special Topics