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NEJS 168a History and Culture of the Jews in East-Central Europe to 1914 Dr Antony Polonsky Spring Semester 1998 Monday, Wednesday, Thursday 11:00 - 12:00 Description of the Course. This course, which is taught over two semesters, describes the establishment, flourishing and near destruction of one of the most important communities in Jewish history. Since the Babylonian exile and the beginnings of the Diaspora, Jewish life has been characterized by the emergence of major foci of creativity and dynamism. In the period of the second Temple and after, Mesopotamia with its exilarch (Resh galutha) and its great academies was an even more important area of Jewish intellectual and legal activity than Erets Yisrael. It remained a major center under Islamic rule to be supplanted in the early middle ages by the communities of Spain and the Rhineland. When these settlements lost their significance, with the persecutions which accompanied the Crusades and more particularly the Black Death in Germany and with the expulsion and forced conversion of the Jews of Spain, their place was taken by the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Turkish Empire, along with smaller communities in Italy, the German lands and the Atlantic littoral. By the early seventeenth century the Jewish community of Poland-Lithuania had become the largest in the Jewish world. The Jewish population grew from between 10,000 and 30,000 at the end of the fifteenth century (out of a total population of around four million) to between 150,000 and 300,000 (out of ten million) by 1650 and 750,000 (out of 14 million) in 1764. In the years of its flourishing it gave rise to a unique religious and secular culture in Hebrew and Yiddish and enjoyed an unprecedented degree of self-government. In a penitential prayer composed in the aftermath of the massacres which occurred during the Cossack uprising of the mid-seventeenth century, Rabbi Yom-Tov Lipman Heller looked back to a golden age, recalling 'Poland, a country of royalty where we have dwelled from of old in tranquil serenity'. Yet even after the devastating effect of these upheavals, which also marked the beginning of the downfall of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Jewish community continued to increase in size and was able to recover some of its vitality. In the late eighteenth century, these lands saw the emergence and development of hasidism, an innovative revivalist movement, which was eventually to gain the allegiance of a large proportion of the Jewish population here and which remains very much alive in the Jewish world today. The partitions of Poland at the end of the eighteenth century and again, with slightly different borders in 1815 divided Polish Jewry between the Tsarist, Habsburg and Prussian states. Four distinct communities emerged in Prussian Poland, in Austrian Galicia, in the Kingdom of Poland, which was granted restricted autonomy and linked dynastically with the Tsarist Empire and in the lands directly incorporated into that empire. These communities made up the largest part of world Jewry. On these lands, the Western and Cental European pattern, which had seen the transformation of the Jews from a community, linked by a common religious tradition and way of life and transcending national boundaries, into citizens of their respective countries, Englishman, Frenchman and even Germans 'of the Hebrew faith' was not replicated. Because of the size of the Jewish population, its resistance to the sort of transformation proposed and the growth of anti-Jewish sentiment, the 'assimilationists', whether Polish, Russian or Jewish, who has sought to make the Jews into Poles or Russians 'of the Mosaic faith' had, by the late nineteenth century, largely failed in their efforts. A minority of Polish Jews, in Galicia (Austrian Poland) and in the Kingdom of Poland (whose autonomy, established at the Congress of Vienna, was largely done away with in the course of the nineteenth century), had accepted the assimilationist dream and were fairly well-integrated into Polish society. In Prussian Poland, the process of integration was largely successful, but its effect was to transform the Jews here into 'Germans of the Mosaic Faith'. In the parts of Poland which had been directly absorbed into the Tsarist Empire (the Pale of Settlement) where the majority of Jews from the former Polish Republic lived, the maskilic elite favoured Russification rather than Polonization. Yet here the hopes that Tsar Alexander II would do away with Jewish legal disabilities and establish full legal equality were dashed. In all these areas, and particularly in the Pale of Settlement, the late nineteenth century saw the emergence and increasing dominance of ethnic concepts of Jewish self-identification, in particular Zionism and Jewish autonomist socialism (Bundism). Modernized versions of traditional orthodoxy also developed a significant following, both mitnagdic and hasidic. A significant minority within the Jewish community was attracted to revolutionary socialism with its vision of a new world in which the old divisions of Jew and gentile would be subsumed by the creation of a new socialist humanity. These new ideologies went along with the emergence of Yiddish as a literary language and the development of modern Hebrew. The First World War saw a fundamental reordering of the territorial and political framework of East-Central Europe. The Jews of the area were now divided between the newly reborn Polish and Lithuanian national states, where they were guaranteed their rights both as individuals and as a community, but where they faced difficult political and social problems and the Soviet Union, which adopted a new form of radical assimilationism in its Jewish policy, giving the Jews full individual equality, but destroying all vestiges of Jewish communal autonomy, except for the closely controlled socialist Yiddish culture. The Jews of East-Central Europe were decimated by the Nazi Holocaust and further weakened by communist policies of forced assimilation. Yet sizeable communities still survive in Russia, Ukraine, Belarus and Hungary and smaller ones are struggling to preserve themselves in Poland, Slovakia, the Czech republic and Romania all of which derive their roots from the Jewish community of Poland-Lithuania. In the first part of this course, which will be taught in the Spring semester of 1997, we will investigate the history of the Jews on the territories of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth down to the First World War, which radically transformed the conditions of Jewish life in East-Central Europe. The second part, which will be taught in the Spring semester of 1998, will deal with the history of the Jews in Poland, the Soviet Union and its successor states, Hungary, Czechoslovakia and its successor states and Romania from 1914 to the present day. Each part of the course is self-contained, but students will obviously benefit from taking both. No foreign languages are required, but it cannot be too strongly emphasized that those who are able to read in the relevant languages (Hebrew, Yiddish and the languages of the area) will get more out of the course. Course Requirements 3 short papers; final take-home exam Office Hours Lown 210 Monday 2:00-3:00 Wednesday 2:00-3:00
Required Reading All students should, if possible, purchase the following books: Antony Polonsky, Jakub Basista The Jews in Old Poland, I.B.Tauris, Andrzej Link-Lenczowski(eds.) London, 1993. Gershon Hundert (ed.) POLIN: Studies in Polish Jewry, Volume 10: Jews in Early Modern Poland, Oxford 1997. Antony Polonsky (ed.) From Shtetl to Socialism. Studies from Polin, Littman Library, Oxford, 1993. Lucy Dawidowicz The Golden Tradition: Jewish Life and Thought in Eastern Europe, Schocken Books, New York, 1967. Reprinted Syracuse University Press, 1996. Eli Lederhendler The Road to Modern Jewish Politics. Political Tradition and Political Reconstruction in the Jewish Community of Tsarist Russia, Oxford University Press, 1989. Heinz-Dietrich Lo/we The Tsars and the Jews> Reform, Reaction and Anti-Semitism in Imperial Russia, 1772-1917, Harwood Academic Publishers, Langhorne, PA.. Xeroxed coursepack Recommended Reading Chimen Abramsky, Maciej Jachimczyk The Jews in Poland, Basil Blackwell, 1986. Antony Polonsky (eds.) Bernard Weinryb A Social and Economic History of the Jewish Community in Poland from 1100- 1800, Jewish Publication Society, Philadelphia, 1976. Artur Eisenbach The Emancipation of the Jews in Poland, 1780-1870, Basil Blackwell, Oxford, 1991. Michael Stanislawski Tsar Nicholas and the Jews: The Transformation of Jewish Society in Russia, JPS, Philadelphia, 1983. Jonathan Frankel Prophecy and Politics: Socialism, Nationalism and the Russian Jews 1862- 1917, Cambridge University Press, 1981. Hans Rogger Jewish Policies and Right-wing Policies in Imperial Russia, University of California Press, 1986. John Klier, Shlomo Lambroza (eds.) Pogroms: Anti-Jewish Violence in Modern Russian History , Cambridge University Press, 1992.
Collections of Documents Jacob Goldberg (ed.) Jewish Privileges in the Polish Commonwealth. Charters of Rights granted to Jewish Communities in Poland-Lithuania in the Sixteenth to Eighteenth Centuries, Jerusalem, 1985. Israel Halperin (ed.), revised by Pinkas Va'ad Arba Aratsot, Jerusalem, Israel Bartal 1991. Shmuel Arthur Cygielman Yehudei Polin velita ad shnat t''kh, Jerusalem, 1991. Maurycy Horn (ed.) Regesty dokumentów i ekscerpty z metryki koronnej do historii ˚ydów w Polsce, 2 volumes, Wroc∏aw, 1984. Natan Hannover Abyss of Despair, (translated by Abraham J. Mesch), New York, 1950, reprinted 1983. General Histories of the Jews Haim Hillel Ben-Sasson (ed.) A History of the Jewish People, Cambridge, MA, 1976. Howard M. Sachar The Course of Modern Jewish History, first published New York, 1958, many editions Robert M. Seltzer Jewish People, Jewish Thought:The Jewish Experience in History, New York, 1980. General Histories of Russia and Poland Adam Zamoyski The Polish Way, London, 1987. Norman Davies God's Playground. A History of Poland, two volumes, New York, 1982. Norman Davies Heart of Europe: A Short History of Poland, Oxford, 1984. J. K. Fedorowicz A Republic of Nobles: Studies in Polish History to 1864, Cambridge, 1982. Robert Leslie (ed.) The History of Poland since 1863, Cambridge, 1980. Hugh Seton-Watson The Russian Empire 1801-1917, Oxford, 1967. Hugh Seton-Watson The Decline of Imperial Russia 1855- 1914, London, 1952. Historical Atlases Eli Barnavi A Historical Atlas of the Jewish People. From the Time of the Patriarchs to the Present, New York, 1992 Evyatar Friesel Atlas of Modern Jewish History, New York, 1990. Iwo Pogonowski The Jews in Poland. A Documentary History, New York, 1993 Bibliographical Aids Jack Wertheimer (ed.) The Modern Jewish Experience. A Reader's Guide, New York, 1993. Barry W. Holtz The Schocken Guide to Jewish Books, New York, 1992. Gershon Hundert and Gershon Bacon The Jews in Poland and Russia. Bibliographical Essays, Bloomington, 1984. Hundert has updated this bibliography in an article 'Polish Jewish History' in Modern Judaism 10(1990) pp. 259-270. Norman Davies Poland, Past and Present: A Select Bibliography of Works in English, Newtonville, MA, 1977.
Course Outline Section 1. The Jews in Poland-Lithuania, 1000-1750 (eight lectures) Wednesday, January 21 Lecture 1: Eastern Europe in Jewish History: The Polish-Lithuanian Legacy
*†A.J. Heschel The Earth is the Lord's: The Inner World of the Jew in East Europe, New York, pp. 7-68. *†Chimen Abramsky, Maciej Jachimczyk The Jews in Poland 'Introduction', pp.1-13 Antony Polonsky (eds.) (henceforth The Jews in Poland) †M. J. Rosman 'Jewish Perceptions of Insecurity and Powerlessness in 16th-18th Century Poland, POLIN, 1, (1986), pp. 19-27. †Gershon Hundert 'Some Basic Characteristics of the Jewish Experience in Poland', From Shtetl to Socialism , pp. 19-25, also in POLIN, volume 1, pp. 28-35. Thursday, January 22 Lecture 2: The Polish-Lithuanian Background *Adam Zamoyski The Polish Way, London, 1987. Norman Davies Heart of Europe: A Short History of Poland, Oxford, 1984. J. K. Fedorowicz A Republic of Nobles: Studies in Polish History to 1864, Cambridge, 1982. Monday, January 26 Lecture 3: Jews and Christians in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth *†Jerzy Wyrozumski 'Jews in Medieval Poland', Antony Polonsky, Jakub Basista,Andrzej Link- Lenczowski(eds.) The Jews in Old Poland(I.B.Tauris, London, 1993), pp. 13- 22 (henceforth The Jews in Old Poland). Bernard Weinryb The Jewish Community in Poland, pp. 17-32, 37-103,156-205. *†Moshe Rosman The Lord's Jews. Magnate-Jewish Relations in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth during the 18th Century, Cambridge, MA, 1990. Gershon Hundert The Jews in a Polish Private Town. The Case of Opatow in the Eighteenth Century, Baltimore, 1992. *Janusz Tazbir 'Images of the Jew in the Polish Commonwealth, ' From Shtetl to Socialism , pp. 64-82, also in POLIN, volume 4, pp. 18-30. *†Moshe Rosman 'A Minority views the Majority: Jewish Attitudes towards the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Interaction with Poles, From Shtetl to Socialism , pp. 39-49, also in POLIN, volume 4, pp. 31-41. Shmul Ettinger 'Jewish Participation in the Settlement of Ukraine in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries', in Peter Potichny, Howard Aster (eds.), Ukrainian-Jewish Relations in Historical Perspective, Edmonton, Alberta, pp. 23-30. Wednesday, January 28 Lecture 4: The Structure of Jewish Autonomous Institutions *†Charter of Boles∏aw the Pious issued in Kalisz in 1286 *Jacob Goldberg ' The Privileges granted to Jewish communities of the Polish Commonwealth as a stabilizing factor in Jewish support', in The Jews in Poland, pp. 31-54. *Isaac Lewin 'The Protection of Jewish Religious Rights by Royal Edicts in pre-Partition Poland', in M. Giergieliewicz(ed.), Polish Civilzation: Essays and Studies, New York, 1979, pp. 115-134. Bernard Weinryb The Jewish Community in Poland, pp.107-134. *†Jacob Marcus 'The Council of the Four Lands and the Lithuanian Council about 1582-1764', in The Jew in the Medieval World: A Source Book 315-1791, pp. 205-211. *†Shmul Ettinger 'The Council of the Four Lands', in The Jews in Old Poland, pp. 93-109. *†Israel Bartal 'The Pinkas of the Council of the Four Lands', in The Jews in Old Poland, pp.110- 18. *†Shmuel Shilo 'The Individual versus the Community in Jewish Law in pre-eighteenth century Poland', in The Jews in Old Poland, pp.219-234. Monday, February 2 Lecture 5: Jewish Places - Royal Towns and Noble Towns *†The Jewish Encyclopedia Kraków, Lublin, Lwów, Vilna *†Encyclopedia Judaica Kraków, Lublin, Lwów, Vilna. Mark Zborowski, Elizabeth Herzog Life is with People: The Culture of the Shtetl, New York, 1962. *†Israel Bartal 'Non-Jews and Gentile Society in East European Hebrew and Yiddish Literature', in From Shtetl to Socialism, pp. 134-50. Wednesday, February 4 Lecture 6:The Jews in Economic Life Salo Baron A Social and Religious History of the Jews, volume 16 ,New York and Philadelphia, 1978, pp. 15-34; 192-211; 214-312. *†Gershon Hundert 'The Role of the Jews in Commerce in Early Modern Poland-Lithuania', Journal of European Economic History, 16 (1987), pp. 245-275. Gershon Hundert 'The Implications of Jewish Economic Activities for Christian-Jewish Relations in the Polish Commonwealth', The Jews in Poland, pp. 55-63. Moshe Rosman 'Polish Jews in the Gdaƒsk Trade in the Late 17th and Early 18th Centuries', in Isadore Twersky (ed.), Danzig between East and West. Aspects of Modern Jewish History, Cambridge, MA, pp. 111-120. *†Jan Malecki 'Jewish Trade at the end of the Sixteenth and in the first half of the Seventeenth Century', in The Jews in Old Poland, pp. 267-81.
Monday, February 9 Lecture 7: Jewish Religious and Intellectual Life in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries *Jacbob Elbaum 'Aspects of Hebrew Ethical Literature in Sixteenth Century Poland', in Bernard Cooperman (ed.), Jewish Thought in the Sixteenth Century, Cambridge, MA, 1983, pp. 124-146. *Lawrence Kaplan 'Rabbi Mordekhai Jaffe and the Evolution of Jewish Culture in Poland', in Jewish Thought in the Sixteenth Century, pp. 266-82. Nisson E. Shulman Authority and Community. Polish Jewry in the Sixteenth Century, New York, 1986. Wednesday, February 11 Lecture 8: Jewish Religious and Intellectual Life in the Eighteenth Century Bernard Weinryb The Jewish Community in Poland, pp. 206-300. *Gershom Scholem 'Shabbetai Zevi' and 'Frank, Jacob' in Encyclopedia Judaica. Marc Saperstein (ed.) Essential Papers on Messianic Movements and Personalities in Jewish History, pp. 289-374. New York, 1992. *Moshe Rosman Founder of Hasidism: A Quest for the Historical Ba’al Shem Tov, University of California Press, 1966 *†Moshe Rosman 'Mie$dzybo;z[ and Rabbi Israel Baal Shem Tov', in Gershon Hundert (ed.) Essential Papers on Hasidism, pp. 209-225. *†Shmuel Ettinger 'The Hasidic Movement - Reality and Ideals' in Gershon Hundert (ed.) Essential Papers on Hasidism, pp.226-43. *†Gershom Scholem 'Devekut or Communion with God' in Hundert, Essential Papers on Hasidism, pp. 275-298. Section 2: Governmental Attempts to Integrate and Transform the Jews and the Jewish Response, 1764-1881: Problems of Emancipation, Acculturation and Assimilation. (7 lectures)
Monday, February 16 Lecture 1: The Impact of Modernisation on European Jewry. *Jacob Katz Out of the Ghetto: The Social Background of Jewish Emancipation, 1770-1870, New York, esp. 1-80, 199-223. Paul R. Mendes-Flohr, The Jew in the Modern World. A Jehuda Reinharz(eds.), Documentary History, New York, 1995, esp. 112-54. Shmuel Ettinger 'The Modern Period', in Haim Hillel Ben-Sasson,(ed.) A History of the Jewish People, Cambridge, MA, 1976, pp.727- 852. Wednesday, February 18 Lecture 2: The Last Years of the Polish-Lituanian Commonwealth. Artur Eisenbach The Emancipation of the Jews in Poland, 1780-1870, Blackwells, 1991, pp. 1-112. *†Jacob Goldberg ' The Changes in the Attitude of Polish Society toward the Jews in the Eighteenth Century', From Shtetl to Socialism , pp. 50- 64, also in POLIN, volume 1, pp. 35-48. Monday, February 23 Lecture 3: Prussian Poland down to 1870 David Sorkin The Transformation of German Jewry 1780-1840, Oxford, 1985. *Peter Pulzer Jews and the German State. The Political History of a Minority, 1848-1933, Oxford, 1992 pp. 1-43. 69-194. . *Artur Eisenbach The Emancipation of the Jews in Poland, passim., (use the index). Wednesday, February 25 Lecture 4: Austrian Poland (Galicia) down to 1868 *†Israel Bartal 'Among Three Nations - The Jews in Antony Polonsky Galicia under the Habsburg', POLIN, volume 12. *†John-Paul Himka Dimensions of the Triangle: Socio- economic, Political, Religious and Cultural Aspects of the Polish-Ukrainian-Jewish Relationship in Austrian Galicia', POLIN, volume 12. William O. McCagg A History of Habsburg Jews, 1670-1918, Bloomington, 1983. Artur Eisenbach The Emancipation of the Jews in Poland, passim., (use the index). Mid-term recess, March 2-8 Monday, March 9 Lecture 5:The Kingdom of Poland (The Congress Kingdom) Artur Eisenbach The Emancipation of the Jews in Poland particularly chapters 10 and 11. *†Wladys`aw Bartoszewski, The Jews in Warsaw, Blackwells, 1991, Antony Polonsky (eds.) pp. 1-26. *†Stanislaw Blejwas 'Polish Positivism and the Jews', Jewish Social Studies, 46 (1984). Wednesday, March 11, Monday, March 16 Lectures 6,7:The Tsarist Empire Lucy Dawidowicz The Golden Tradition: Jewish Life and Thought in Eastern Europe, New Jersey, 1989, pp. 5-27, 113-9, 225-32. John Doyle Klier Russia Gathers Her Jews. The Origins of 'Jewish Question' in Russia, 1772-1825, Dekalb, Illinois, 1986. *†Michael Stanislawski Tsar Nicholas I and the Jews. The Transformation of Jewish Society in Russia 1825-1855, Philadelphia, 1983. †*Michael Stanislawski &For Whom do I Toil@& Judah Leib Gordon and the Crisis of Russian Jewry, New York, 1988, pp. 3-105. *Eli Lederhendler The Road to Modern Jewish Politics. Political Tradition and Political Reconstruction in the Jewish Community of Tsarist Russia, Oxford, 1989. Steven Zipperstein The Jews of Odessa: A Cultural History, 1794-1881,Stanford, 1985. Hans Rogger 'The Question of Jewish Emancipation', in Jewish Policies and Right-wing Policies in Imperial Russia, University of California Press, 1986. Section 3: The Deterioration of the Position of the Jews and the New Jewish Politics, 1881-1914. (11 lectures)
Wednesday, March 18 Lecture 1:The Deterioration of the Position of the Jews in the Tsarist Empire, 1881-1914. *†John D. Klier, Pogroms: Anti-Jewish Violence in Shlomo Lambroza (eds.) Modern Russsian History (Cambridge, 1992, pp. 3-42, 44-57, 253-74, 314-72. *†Hans Rogger 'Jewish Policies and Right Wing Policies in Imperial Russia, pp. 25-112 Lucy Dawidowicz The Golden Tradition: Jewish Life and Thought in Eastern Europe, pp. 49-75. Monday, March 23 Lecture 2: Jewish Reactions: Zionism, Socialism, Autonomism. *†Ezra Mendelsohn On Modern Jewish Politics, pp. 3-36. Jonathan Frankel Prophecy and Politics: Socialism , Nationalism and the Russian Jews 1862- 1917, Cambridge, 1981. Ezra Mendelsohn Class Struggle in the Pale, Cambridge, 1970, pp. 1-62. Lucy Dawidowicz The Golden Tradition: Jewish Life and Thought in Eastern Europe, pp. 5-27, 113- 9, 225-32. Eli Lederhendler The Road to Modern Jewish Politics, pp. 111-53; Wednesday, March 23 Lecrure 3: The Kingdom of Poland 1881-1914 Magdalena Opalski 'Trends in the Literary Perception of Jews in Modern Polish Fiction', From Shtetl to Socialism , pp. 151-167, also in POLIN, volume 4, pp. 70-87. Stephen Corrsin Warsaw Before the First World War, New York, 1989, pp. 78-106. *†Bartoszewski, Polonsky The Jews in Warsaw, pp. 25-31. *†Stephen D. Corrsin 'Warsaw. Poles and Jews in a Conquered City', in M. F. Hamm (ed.) The City in Late Imperial Russia, pp. 123-176. *†Alexander Guterman 'The Congregation of the Great Synagogue in Warsaw. Its Changing Social Composition and Ideological Affinities,' POLIN, volume 11, pp. 125-151. Monday, March 30 Lecture 4:Prussian Poland 1869-1914; Galicia 1866-1914 *†Ezra Mendelsohn 'Jewish Assimilation in L'viv. The Case of Wilhelm Feldman', in Andrei Markovits, Frank Sysyn, Nation Building and the Politics of Nationalism:Essays on Austrian Galicia, Cambridge, MA, 1982. *†Józef Buszko 'The Consequences of Galician Autonomy after 1867 for Jews, Poles and Ukrainians', POLIN, volume 12. Wednesday, April 1 Lecture 5:The Emergence of Modern Hebrew Literature *Michael Stanislawski 'For Whom Do I Toil?' Judah Leib Gordon and the Crisis of Russian Jewry, New York, 1988. David Patterson The Hebrew Novel in Czarist Russia, Edinburgh, 1964. Eisig Silberschlag Saul Tschernichowsky, Ithaca, 1968. *Stanley Burnshaw, T. Carmi, The Modern Hebrew Poem Itself, Ezra Spicehandler (eds.) Cambridge, MA, 1965, pp. 1-53. *†T. Carmi (ed.) The Penguin Book of Hebrew Verse, poems by Bialik and Tchernichovsky. Monday, April 6 Lecture 6:The Emergence of Modern Yiddish Literature David Roskies (ed.) The Literature of Destruction,:Jewish Responses to Catastrophe, Philadelphia, 1989, poems by Bialik. *Dan Miron A Traveller Disguised: A Study in Modern Yiddish Fiction in the Nineteenth Century, New York, 1973. Max Weinreich 'Internal Bilingualism in Ashkenaz', in Howe and Greenberg, Voices from the Yiddish, pp. 279-288. Chone Shmeruk 'Aspects of the History of Warsaw as a Yiddish Literary Center', From Shtetl to Socialism , pp. 120-33, also in POLIN, volume 3, pp. 140-55. Lucy Dawidowicz The Golden Tradition: Jewish Life and Thought in Eastern Europe, pp. 273-80, 286-304. *Sholem Aleichem Tevye the Dairyman and the Railroad Stories (translated by Hillel Halkin), New York, 1987. *Ruth Wisse (ed.) The I.L Peretz Reader, especially 'Monish', 'The Pious Cat', 'The Golem', 'Bontsche Shvayg', 'If Not Higher', 'Between Two Mountains', 'The Magician', 'Three Gifts', ' My Memoirs'. Yitshak Leibush Peretz 'Advice to the Estranged', 'Hope and Fear', 'What Our Literature Needs', in Howe and Greenberg, Voices from the Yiddish, pp. 19-31. Irving Howe, Ruth Wisse, The Penguin Book of Modern Yiddish Khone Shmeruk (eds.) Verse, New York, 1987. Joseph C Landis (ed.) Three Great Jewish Plays, New York, 1966. Joachim Neugroschel (ed.) The Shtetl. A Creative Anthology of Jewish Life in Eastern Europe, New York, 1988. Wednesday, April 8 Lecture 7: Jewish Urbanization: Warsaw, ¸ódê;, Odessa, Lviv , Kraków. *†Bartoszewski, Polonsky (eds.) The Jews in Warsaw, pp. 1-31, 55-74, 212- 231, 246-277. *†POLIN, 6, (devoted to ¸ódê), pp. 3-19, 37-104. *†Arcadius Kahan 'Vilna,' in Essays in Jewish Social and Economic History, pp. 149-60. Steven Zipperstein The Jews of Odessa: A Cultural History, 1794-1881,Stanford, 1985. *†Steven Zipperstein 'Remapping Odessa, Rewriting Cultural History', in Jewish Social Studies, 1, pp. 21-36. †*The Jewish Encyclopedia Kraków, Lwów †*Encyclopedia Judaica Kraków, Lwów. William O. McCagg A History of Habsburg Jews, 1670-1918, Bloomington, 1983, esp. pp. 47-223. *†Julian Bussgang 'The Progressive Synagogue in Lwów', POLIN, volume 11, pp. 125-151. Friday, April 10 - Friday, April 17:Passover Monday, April 20 Lecture 8: Traditional Jewish Responses: Later Hasidism, the Musar Movement *Paul Mendes-Flohr, The Jew in the Modern World, Jehuda Reinharz pp. 316-9. Harry M. Rabinowicz The World of Hasidism, London, 1970. Arthur Green Tormented Master: A Life of Rabbi Nahman of Bratslav, Alabama, 1979. *Immanuel Etkes Rabbi Israel Salanter and the Mussar Movement, Philadelphia, 1993. Louis Ginzberg 'Israel Salanter' in Students, Scholars, and Saints, Philadelphia, 1928. *Yosef Salmon 'The Yeshiva of Lida: A Unique Institution of Higher Learning', YIVO Annual, 15, (1974), pp. 106-25. Wednesday, April 22 Lecture 9:Women in Jewish Eastern Europe *David Biale Eros and the Jews, New York, 1992, chapters, 6,7. *†David Biale 'Eros and Enlightenment: Love against Marriage in East European Jewish Enlightenment', From Shtetl to Socialism , pp. 168-86, also in POLIN, volume 1, pp. 49-67. Chava Weissler 'The Traditional Piety of Ashmenazic Women,' in Arthur Green (ed.) Jewish Spirituality, New York, 1987, volume 2, pp. 245-75. Chava Weissler '"For Women and for Men Who Are Like Women": The Construction of Gender in Yiddish Devotional Literature,'Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion 5, number 2 (Fall 1989), pp. 7-24. Jacob Katz 'Jewish Marriage in Eighteenth Century Poland', POLIN, volume 10, pp. 3-39. *†Shaul Stampfer 'Gender Differentiation and Education of the Jewish Woman in Nineteenth-Century Eastern Europe,' From Shtetl to Socialism , pp. 168-86, also in POLIN, volume 7, pp. 63-87. *†Yitshak Leibush Perets 'The Outcast', in Stories and Pictures, Philadelphia, 1906), pp. 307-10. Ruth Adler Women of the Shtetl through the eyes of Y. L. Peretz, New York, 1980, pp. 7-119. Monday, April 27 Lecture 10:The Rise of Jewish Mass Culture: Music, Theater, Press *Nahma Sandrow Vagabond Stars: A World History of the Yiddish Theater, New York, 1975 chapters 1 and 3. Lucy Dawidowicz The Golden Tradition: Jewish Life and Thought in Eastern Europe, pp. 321-26, (Goldfaden), pp. 305-13 (Ansky). Michael Steinlauf 'The Polish-Jewish Daily Press', From Shtetl to Socialism , pp. 332-6, also in POLIN, volume 2, pp 219-223. Michael Steinlauf 'Mr Geldhab and Sambo in peyes. Images of the Jew on the Polish Stage 1863-1905', POLIN, volume 4, pp 98-128. Mark Kiel 'The Centrality of Peretz in Jewish Folkloristics', POLIN, volume 7, pp. 88- 121. Wednesday, April 29 Lecture 11:The Last Years: Jews in the Tsarist Empire, 1905-1914 Lucy Dawidowicz The Golden Tradition: Jewish Life and Thought in Eastern Europe, pp. 49-75. Stephen Corrsin Warsaw Before the First World War, New York, 1989, pp. 78-106. *†Bartoszewski, Polonsky The Jews in Warsaw, pp. 25-31. *Shlomo Lambroza 'Jewish Responses to Pogroms in late Imperial Russia', in Jehuda Reinharz (ed.), Living with Anti-semitism: Modern Jewish Responses, London, 1987, pp. 253- 74. John Klier, Shlomo Lambroza Pogroms, pp. 314-72. Sholom Aleichem The Bloody Hoax, Indiana, 1991. Monday, May 4 Summing Up Note: Essential reading is marked with an asterisk (*). Material in the course pack is marked with a dagger (†). |