PUBLIC SUPPORT AND REVENUES

Contributions received $2,984

Dues 1995, 1996 13,508

Other income* 24,255

Total Public Support and Revenues 40,747

EXPENSES

Program Services

Awards $14,335

Luncheons 1,916

Management and General 23,864

Total Expenses 40,115

Excess of Revenues over Expenses $ 632

*Other Income is composed of: luncheon receipts, label rentals, ads in the newsletter, journal subscriptions, royalities, transfer of dividends from the endowments to pay for the prizes.

The meeting was held on January 5, 1996 at 7:30 am in the McKenzie room in the Marriott Marquis hotel in Atlanta, Georgia. Donna Guy, President of CLAH presided. In attendance were Judith Ewell, Mark Suzchman, Bill Beezley, Don Stevens, Mike Conniff, Don Olliff, Tony MacFarland, Phil Mueller, Jackie Kent, Lee Woodward, Vince Peloso, Linda Salvucci, Linda Hall, Alida Metcalf, Sandy Johnson, Jose Cuello, and Lyman Johnson. Donna thanked the Secretariat for its help and support of the presidency during the last year. She welcomed the newly elected board members, Judith Ewell and Linda Hall to the board.

The financial report was given by Mike Conniff. The operating expenses were down this year as compared to last year. Dues were raised so that all operating expenses could be paid with the dues collected. The dividends from the endowment funds could then be used only for prizes and some accounting expenses. We have collected just about the same amount of dues as last year. Members who have not paid dues since 1994 will be deleted. It was suggested that a letter asking lapsed members why they decided to drop their membership would be a good idea. The endowment funds had a very good year in 1995. We will be consulting with our financial advisor to get a better idea of how the funds performed.

The subscription service was only moderately successful, since a large number of the members had already renewed before learning about the new CLAH service. The editors hope that the majority of members would be new subscribers to their journals instead of just people who want to renew at a discount. The numbers of the new subscribers and renewals will be given to the editors at the end of January. Next year should be a better test to determine whether the service should be continued.

Lee Woodward presented a proposal that the Caribe-Centroamerican Committee split into two groups. The committee has been talking about doing this for several years. Since the committee had not yet met, the general committee could not approve the split. This raised the question of just how meaningful to the general membership are the regional committees. It was suggested that a questionnaire be sent out in the Spring Newsletter asking the members their opinions on regional committees and thematic clusters. Several of the committee members will put together the questionnaire to be included in the Spring Newsletter.

The list of the 1995 Prize Winners was reviewed and approved. The Hanke award is to be given to post-doctoral students to go back in to the field to revise their dissertations for monographs. It would be set up like the Scobie award in that it would be a travel grant up to $1000. Since the fund does not yet have enough money to pay out the grant from the dividends, it was decided not to activate the Hanke award. It was decided not to increase the other prize amounts. The prestige of winning the prize is more important than the actual dollar amount.

Bill Beezley presented eight panels that had been submitted to the AHA and the committee agreed to accept them for submission to the AHA program committee.

Linda Salvucci - International Scholarly Relations Committee - The reconstituted committee lobbied repeatedly during the past year on behalf of the National Archives of Ecuador which was threatened with relocation to inappropriate quarters; we also joined in the letter-writing campaign to support microfilming of the Lafragua Collection of the National Library of Mexico. The first activity was spearheaded by Ken Andrien, who will lead a new CLAH committee on Archives. Members of the ISR Committee and CLAH itself must now decide upon a mandate for the former. Is the highly visible, obviously politicized LASA model appropriate for CLAH? (See, for example, the issues raised by Jean Weisman in "LASA and Travel to Cuba: Academic Exchanges, Lobbying and Civil Disobedience," LASA Forum, 26:4 (Winter 19960, 17-21.) Moreover, the relationship between the ISR Committee and CLAH's regional committees needs to be clarified. Anyone with suggestions for projects, committee membership and the like should contact Linda Salvucci.

Linkages with other associations - CLAH would like to have close associations with other Latin American Groups. News from these other groups could be put in the CLAH newsletter so that members could plan on attending meetings and keep abreast of happenings all over the world. Tony McFarlane gave a report on AHILA. The discussion centered around how to develop closer ties between CLAH and AHILA. Since AHILA sent a representative to the CLAH general committee meeting, then CLAH should send a representative to the AHILA general committee meeting with detailed information about CLAH and to show that CLAH is very interested in pursuing this relationship. It was also mentioned that information could be exchanged between the organizations via H-LATAM. Procedures for accomplishing these tasks will be fine tuned during the course of this year.

CLAH and H-LATAM want to develop a more formalized relationship. Three ways that this could be accomplished: 1. Have an H-Latam representative sit on the Clah general committee in an ex-officio capacity. 2. A motion was approved that the President of CLAH would sit on the board of H-Latam in an ex-officio capacity. If there were any questions regarding book reviews or other matters that required "expert" opinions, the CLAH president would refer these questions to the proper scholars or professors. 3. H-LATAM is creating a home page for CLAH. They will have the CLAH membership brochure and membership application available for anyone. CLAH Newsletter will be available ONLY to H-LATAM subscribers who are CLAH members. After six months all H-LATAM subscribers could obtain the CLAH Newsletter.

The Teaching and Teaching Materials committee will continue the teaching columns in the Newsletters. Teresa has lined up Sue Ann Caulfield and Alida Metcalf to do columns on women's history. She is also in the process of arranging with a South African historian to do a column on teaching African and Latin American history. The course syllabi project continues with H-LATAM.

Population and Quantitative History Committee - The Population and Quantitative History Newsletter will be delayed but it will be coming out on paper. It is now available on e-mail and they are getting more response than when it was just published on paper. The committee thinks this is because people have to go look for it and then they can read it when they want to, rather than getting it in the mail and just putting it in the "to read" file and never getting around to actually reading it.

Projects and Publications Committee - Marshall Eakin will be resigning as committee chair as soon as a replacement can be found. He has served for five years and feels that it is time for new leadership. The anthology that Teresa and he are putting together is nearly complete. They have chosen a series of articles on the history of Latin American history in the United States, and some recent pieces that deal with major issues in the field. They will submit the prospectus to a couple of publishers this spring, and when it is published (as an official CLAH publication) any royalties will go to CLAH. He has also contacted John Lombardi, and John is willing to do a revision of the Atlas of Latin American history, with two provisos to his doing it. First, he would like us to survey our colleagues as to what changes they would like to see in the second edition. He also noted that the first edition was made possible with a grant from the Tinker Foundation, and that another grant would probably be necessary for a second edition. Marshall thinks that the Program for Cultural Cooperation between spain's Ministry of Culture and U.S. Universities would be a logical place to look for grant money for this.

A motion to end the meeting was made, seconded, and passed unanimously.

Respectfully submitted,

Donathan C. Olliff

Executive Secretary

Andean Studies Committee - Originally entitled "Recent Research on the Twentieth Century," The Andean Studies panel was justly renamed "Malaria, Liberalism, and Maoism." The three papers demonstrated the innovative research that is being conducted on the modern period in the Andes, research characterized by multidisciplinary perspectives and rigorous empirical work. Because of a family emergency, Ann Zulawski (Smith College), the co-chair, could not attend.

Marcos Cueto (Instituto de Estudios Peruanos) contributed "The Cultural and Social Dimensions of Malaria in Peru: 1900-1950." Last minute complications prevented him from attending the conference, so the co-chair, Charles Walker, read his paper. While presenting a detailed analysis of the medical and social history of the disease, Cueto emphasized how the spread of malaria had codified geographical and racial distinctions within Peru. Because malaria does not develop in the highlands, Andean migrants to the coast and the jungle are particularly susceptible. Many authorities and others therefore associated the disease with Andean people, some even contending that it was an indication of "Indians'" weakness. Cueto examined the spread and containment of malaria in light of mass migration, urbanization, and other central twentieth-century phenomena.

In "History, Property, and Race: The Cacique Movement in Cochabamba, Bolivia, 1914-1932," Laura Gotkowitz (U. of Chicago) analyzed how Indian leaders interpreted and utilized the late nineteenth century Liberal Reforms. In a period of massive communal land expropriations, leading caciques turned the explicitly anti-Indian Liberal platform on its head, redefining it in unique ways to defend their communities', and in some cases their own, interests. While showing the multiple meanings of liberalism, best understood from the standpoint of local and regional society, Gotkowitz also highlighted the complex history of land struggles leading up to the 1952 revolution.

Iván Hinojosa (U. of Chicago) probed the rise of the Shining Path and the current crisis of the left in Peru by examining the history of the Communist Party after the death of José Carlos Mariátegui in 1930. In "Marxism, Stalinism, and Maoism," he outlined how Stalinist tendencies jettisoned Mariátegui's focus on the specific nature of Peruvian society, particularly questions regarding the Indian population. Hinojosa demonstrated that incessant infighting and the predominance of authoritarian tendencies within the Communist Party and its offshoots--processes usually associated with the 1960s--have a long history in Peru, one that helped shape the rise and fall of the Shining Path and the critical situation of its leftist opponents.

Orin Starn (Cultural Anthropology, Duke U.) noted a number of positive traits shared by these papers. All ran against the grain of the customary narrative of republican history, looking at overlooked, even quirky topics, and rethinking traditional ones. He commended them for analyzing both elite groups and the lower classes and approaching questions of identity. After commenting on each paper specifically, Starn pointed out how these papers addressed key questions in social theory. They considered multiple geographical spheres, linking not only the local, regional, and national, but also the transnational, and returned to the issue of tradition and modernity in the Andes. He underlined the benefits for anthropologists in reading history and, more subtly, encouraged historians to read anthropology.

The audience participated with questions and comments until the CLAH cocktail party beckoned.

Charles Walker, History Dept., UC, Davis

Borderlands Committee - Twenty-seven people attended the first formal meeting of the newest of CLAH's regional committees.

Amy Bushnell (Johns Hopkins and the College of Charleston), presented a provocative paper: "Enlarging the Borderlands: A New Paradigm for the Hispanic Peripheries." She urged that we extend the definition of the Borderlands beyond the traditional North American setting to consider Borderlands throughout the hemisphere. In studying this enlarged Borderlands, she suggested that we look beyond what she called "the paradigm of power" (which emphasizes elites and privileges the nation state) and "the paradigm of the victim" (which she sees as the inversion of the paradigm of power). Arguing that those paradigms suffer from several liabilities, including reductionism, she argued that we employ "the paradigm of negotiation" to explain Borderlands processes. She went on to suggest two types of borderlands, internal and external, and to categorize external frontiers in ways that might assist comparison (categorizing them, for example, as strategic or nonstrategic).

Professor Bushnell's call for an enlarged Borderlands provoked considerable discussion and met a warm reception. Indeed, some of those in attendance represented areas beyond the traditional North American Borderlands and were predisposed to the idea of an enlarged borderlands. Our enthusiasms for comparative study of borderlands or peripheries were tempered by warnings of the difficulty of doing comparative research and of the need to connect peripheries to core areas in order to make their stories intelligible.

The quality and quantity of work being done by historians on borderlands (also known by other labels such as frontiers, peripheries, margins, and fringes), suggests that these areas are no longer regarded as intellectually marginal.

David J. Weber SMU

Brazilian Studies Committee Session - The session was titled "Is There a New Political History of Brazil?" As chair of the session, I introduced the theme by discussing, first, the decline of political history and the "history of ideas" in the 1970s as scholars turned to social history and social-science methods. This, I argued, reflected disenchantment with political history's emphasis on the activities and ideas of a small circle of elite, white males. Growing interest in the history of Brazilian women and people of color initially meant a shift toward social history because of these groups' apparent exclusion from the political sphere. More recently, the field of Brazilian history has begun to feel the influence of cultural studies, the "linguistic turn," and gender analysis, and these influences have generated new interest in political history. Indeed, some of the same concerns that moved scholars to reject the "old" political history have prompted them to redefine and embrace the political. The emergence of gender as a useful category of analysis has been especially salutary for the field; it has meant both a dramatic redefinition of the political sphere, and has moved scholars to consider how gender figures in the political process, even when women are apparently "absent." The two papers for this session are excellent examples of how gender analysis can expand our notion of politics in Brazil.

Speaking on "Gender and the Politics of Abolitionism in Porto Alegre, Brazil, 1879-1884,11 Roger Kittleson (Northwestern University) discussed the failure of the abolitionist movement to redefine the role of women in provincial politics. Kittleson began by discussing the bitter partisan conflicts provoked by the slavery question (or more precisely, the question of how to go about abolishing slavery). Intense political competition, together with the radicalizing influence of the provincial republicans, threatened to prevent a compromise that would protect elite interests. In response, Kittleson argues, the emancipationist movement "discursively shifted abolition out of the realm of hard partisan politics-" Emancipation became, instead, a social and moral issue. Furthermore, this shift away from partisan politics allowed for a "feminization" of abolitionism. According to Kittleson, in the period from 1883 to 1884, anti-slavery agitation almost always appealed to sentiment and sympathy, rather than partisan affiliations. Anti-slavery arguments also expressed growing concern over the corrupting influence of slavery on elite families, and elite women in particular. In this context it became "acceptable" for women to participate in the abolitionist movement, and to enter new public spaces, but only once the movement had been removed from the arena of partisan politics. Thus, Kittleson concludes, women's entrance into the public sphere in Porto Alegre "did not open the floodgates to women's subversion of gender roles in the social hierarchy," but rather "ended up supporting the dominant position of elite men."

In the second presentation, Susan Besse (City College of New York) discussed "Gender and Politics in Industrializing Brazil." Besse traced the transformation of her own research, initially on middle-class women in industrializing São Paulo, from a study of "women's history," to an analysis of the construction and redefinition of gender roles, especially during the 1920s and 'thirties. Once Besse began her research, she unearthed (to her surprise) a remarkable quantity of publications, mainly by male professionals and politicians, expressing their anxiety and concern about gender roles, and about the impact of modernity on marriage and the family in Brazil. These concerns led, for example, to a campaign against wife killing that agitated for legal and social reform from the 1910s through the Vargas era. This movement, which had attracted very little attention from historians prior to Besse's research, was dominated by elite men and medley professionals who regarded "crimes of passion" as incompatible with modern, compassionate marriages as well as being an affront to the authority of the state. Besse argues that the objectives of such campaigns, and the policies of the Vargas era, were to 'modernize, gender roles and "restructure patriarchy" without producing any significant changes in gender hierarchies. Those few women who did openly challenge the gender norms of that era typically suffered economic hardship and social marginalization.

The audience then served as commentator. Several people (both men and women) discussed their own experiences with changing gender roles and sexual attitudes in Brazil. It was suggested that Brazilian men do not operate within the rigid codes of machismo that characterize other Latin American societies. but Besse and other members of the audience questioned this image of Brazilian gender relations, noting that such "liberality" has often proved quite superficial, and has served to mask rigid norms of appropriate female behavior. However, there was general agreement that recent decades have seen significant changes in the professional, sexual and political status of women. In regard to Kittlesen's presentation, the question was raised as to whether Porto Alegre presented an exceptional case. While we think of the abolitionist movement in São Paulo as focusing on economic problems and labor-supply issues, it may be that further research will uncover many of the same tendencies and concerns about gender as were manifested in the Riograndense context.

Barbara Weinstein, Chair

The Caribe-Centroamerica Committee - About 25 people attended and discussed the question of splitting the Committee into separate Caribbean and Central American sections. The group reached a consensus to form separate committees on a trial separation basis and then proceeded to nominate officers for the new committees. The Caribbeanists nominated Lou Perez (U. of North Carolina) as Chair and Barbara Tenenbaum (Hispanic Division, Library of Congress) as Secretary of the Caribbeanist Committee and the Central Americanists nominated R. L. Woodward, Jr. (Tulane U.) as Chair and David J. McCreery (Georgia State U.) as Secretary of the Central America Committee. The Secretariat should send out a mail ballot with these nominations with the next newsletter. These ballots should also permit write-in votes for anyone not wishing to vote for the "official" nominees. These officers will serve for two years.

Respectfully submitted, Ralph Lee Woodward, Jr.

Chile-Rio de la Plata Studies Committee - The session, chaired by Joel Horowitz (Saint Bonaventure U.), focused on different aspects of the military regimes of Chile and Argentina during the 1970s. Fifteen people attended the meeting, which featured three papers.

Margaret Powers (U. of Illinois, Chicago) spoke on "What's Love Got to do with It: Pinochet and the Women's Movement in Chile." Powers explored why the military regime of General Pinochet was able to mobilize significant support among women. Many more women than men supported Pinochet during the 1988 plebescite. She hypothesized that this was due principally to two major factors: the regime's appeals directed at the family and a desire on the part of many women to reestablish order. Second, the regime mobilized support for itself through the creation of a fairly wide network of volunteer organizations. Powers also noted that the right had a tradition of support from women.

The other two papers looked at Argentina. Lisa Cox (U. of Texas, Austin) presented a paper, "Workers and the Argentine Process of National Reorganization, 1976-1983." Cox ex strike activity that occurred during the military regime, arguing that there was a great deal more of it than is normally thought. She divided the proceso into three periods for her purposes; the period of extreme repression, 1976-78; 1978-82, the easing of repression and internal conflict within the unions; and 1982-83, the collapse of the regime after the defeat in the Malvinas. Cox argues that the large number of strikes that occurred was due primarily to pressure from the rank-and-file and the intense union factionalism. Union groups competed with each other for support and therefore struck. Ironically, repression also helped by producing new groups of union leaders.

Maria Cecilia Cangiano (SUNY, Stoney Brook) gave a presentation "The Memory of Politics: The Sixties, the 'Dirty War' and the Working-Class in Argentina." She looked at the steel workers of Villa Constitutión, a city in the industrial belt between Buenos Aires and Rosario, and how the memory of the repression of their independent labor organization in January 1975 shapes the attitudes of these workers toward politics and union involvement. The leadership, which dominated the local union in 1975, does so again but their attitudes and actions have been shaped by their memory of past repression. The rank-and-file now equates politics with repression; the leadership, because of their experience in prison, have a much more complex vision. In prison found their past actions reaffirmed, but they have revised their combative strategies.

Joan Supplee (Baylor U.) offered a comment that tied the three papers together and also pointed out some key differences in the Chilean and Argentine experiences.

The floor was then thrown open for discussion and a lively intellectual interchange ensued, ally focusing on why the Chilean military regime attempted and was successful in active support from certain sectors of the population, especially groups of women, while in Argentina no similar attempt was made. There was some agreement that a cause lay in the very different relationship between the state and civil society.

Joel Horowitz

Gran Colombia Committee - met on Thursday afternoon--unfortunately, most of the GC crowd had not yet arrived. However, the ten or so audience members were treated to two

interesting papers and a learned commentary. Rebecca Earle (U. of Warwick) spoke on "Lies, Rumour, and Disinformation in the New Granadan Independence Wars." Earle pointed out that low literacy rates and minuscule editorial production and diffusion (compared even to Mexico) redounded to the benefit of oral transmission, with all that implied in terms of malleability. Questions from the audience addressed, among other things, the gendering of gossip as a female activity--for which there is some evidence during the Independence period. Joshua Rosenthal (Columbia U.) spoke on "La Salina de Chita in the Early Republican Period." Rosenthal provided an overview of the salt-producing corner of Boyaca' during a period of both continuity and change in fiscal structures, production techniques, and political-ideological contexts. The perennial issue of local versus outsider control of land and the labor process was much in evidence. The commenter, Anthony McFarlane (U. of Warwick), provided trenchant analyses, and overall praise, of both papers. McFarlane also briefly reported on the activities of AHILA, CLAH's across-the-pond opposite number. The low turnout made a full business meeting impossible. GC members will receive a mailing about elections to replace the current team, whose two-year term has expired.

Richard Stoller, GC Chair

Colonial Studies Committee Meeting - The Committee welcomed Lance Grahn as the new Secretary. Chair, John F. Schwaller, called for volunteers for the office of Secretary to commence in January, 1997. Based on the practices of the committee, Schwaller will

cease to serve as chair after the 1997 AHA Annual Meeting, and be replaced by the Secretary, Grahn. At that point a new Secretary will need to be inaugurated.

The main activity of the meeting was the presentation of two scholarly papers, by Ron Morgan, U. of California, Santa Barbara, and Stafford Poole, Independent Scholar from Los Angeles. A third paper, to be presented by Alejandro García Rivera, of the Jesuit School of Theology at Berkeley, was canceled when Dr. Rivera was unable to attend the session. Lamentably Dr. Poole was also absent from the meeting, due to emergency surgery, but Schwaller read his paper.

Stafford Poole, Los Angeles, "Hagiography and Pious Legends at the Service of Ideology: The Case of Our Lady of Guadalupe." The paper explored the uses of the legend of the apparitions of Our Lady of Guadalupe from the initial publication of the legends in the early seventeenth century up to the modern era. As with the hagiographies of many saints, the legends of the Virgin of Guadalupe have been used to further many causes. From its earliest publication, the apparition story seems to have had no impact on the natives. The Nahuatl account of the apparitions played no role in the evangelization of the natives, as no copies are known to have existed until a full century after the conquest. Rather, from the outset, the earliest interpretations of the legends emphasized the role of the Mexican creoles, and this was rooted in the version of the earliest spokesman of the apparition cause, the creole priest Miguel Sánchez.

Guadalupe was a devotion for "those born in this land," that is the creoles. Although the natives were included in part of this vision, it was the creoles to whom the story had the greatest attraction. The role of Guadalupe in creole aspirations became apparent in 1810 when Miguel Hidalgo adopted Guadalupe as the symbol of his revolt. Subsequent Mexican governments, of all political leanings likewise embraced the image. Even Benito Juarez confirmed the feast day of December 12 as a national holiday. The coronation of the image in 1895 was as political as religious. More recently advocates of liberation theology have appropriated the image to their cause. It is seen as a powerful symbol of Mexican nationalism. Many of the ideologies which the image has been used to serve are clearly contradictory. As a result Guadalupe is a classic example of the use and distortion of a pious legend.

Ron Morgan, UCSB, "Religious Biography as Social Critique in Colonial New Spain: The Case of Sebastian de Aparicio (d. 1600)." While extensive research has been conducted on the "spiritual conquest" of Mexico, little effort has been directed towards understanding the religious life of the Spanish colonists. The study of hagiography, the lives of the saints, is a means of addressing this lacuna. Much of what we know of Sebastian de Aparicio is based on the hagiographies of him written after his death. There are three principle sources, that of Lic. Bartolomé Sánchez Parejo, a layman and physician, which dates from 1628-29. Bartolomé de Letona, a Franciscan, composed a compendium of the official investigation into the sainthood of Aparicio in 1662, while Diego de Leyba, also a Franciscan, further developed themes of the official investigation in his work published in 1687. Sánchez Parejo used his biography as a social critique, illustrating what he perceived to be the social and religious ills of his day. His extolling of the poverty and humility of Aparicio was done at the expense of the religious community of the day. Letona's work is much shorter and focused on providing a synthesis of the lengthy material accumulated to the process of canonization of Aparicio. It was written with that single-minded end, serving as a guide to the longer work. Leyba's book responded specifically to a decree of Pope Urban VIII which ordered that localities not establish cults prior to the official canonization of saints. Leyba wrote a lengthy work, then, to demonstrate the saintly qualities of Aparicio while demonstrating that local authorities had gone out of their way to discourage his popular veneration. Consequently, these latter two pieces focus more exactly on details imposed by the canonization process.

It is the work of Sánchez Parejo which offers a glimpse into the religious life of the colonial, from the perspective of a pious layman, who uses his work as a vehicle of social criticism.

The commentary on the papers was provided by Sarah Cline, UCSB. A question and answer period followed with participation from the audience.

John Frederick Schwaller, U. of Montana

Mexican Studies Committee - was attended by 25 people and chaired by Susan M. Deeds (Northern Arizona U.), who announced that Susan Deanes-Smith and Richard Boyer will take over for the next two years as chair and secretary of the committee. In a roundtable discussion, six scholars who have recently completed Ph.D.Is or are working on their theses examined the topic of "Colonial Mexican History in the Wake of Post-Colonial Criticism: Trends in Dissertation Research." Brief sketches of their projects and heuristic frameworks revealed ways in which they have been influenced by post-colonial theoretical criticism and methodologies derived from other disciplines. A shared concern for the analysis of power, agency, hegemony, resistance, and popular culture is evident in the following outline of presenters and topics: Pete Sigal (St. Cloud State U.), on colonial Yucatecan ideas of sexuality, gender and the body (based heavily on the use of Maya language materials); John Crider (Tulane U.) on ways of combining historical and anthropological methods to study the central Mexican Otomi colonial past; Maria de la Luz Ayala (El Colegio de México) on the appropriation and use of forest resources in New Spain; Jane Mangan (Duke U.) on the relationship between women alcohol vendors and colonial authority in both Mexico and the Andes; Martha Few (U. of Arizona) on women, ethnicity and resistance in colonial Guatemala; and Pamela Voekel (U. of Texas) on shifts in political discourse in late colonial Mexico as they were reflected in the Bourbon campaign to create general cemeteries. The discussion that followed focused on several common threads of this new research: the influence of subaltern studies and other theoretical approaches which examine hegemonic processes from both the top down and the bottom up; the emphasis on contestation of identity and status; and concerns about textuality. Although some members of the audience were troubled by the seeming abandonment of more empirical approaches (e.g. economic, demographic), most affirmed the value and utility of recent trends for recovering long silent voices. They concurred that the field, as exemplified in the work of the newest generation of scholars, is benefitting from a judicious combination of post-colonial criticism, extradisciplinary approaches, new cultural and gender theories, and archival digging.

Susan M. Deeds, Northern Arizona U.

Population and Quantitative History Committee (ComPAQH) - Approximately thirty Latin Americanists attended the annual meeting. During the brief business portion of the meeting the committee chair, Donald Stevens (Drexel U.), reported on the continuing activities of the committee. Robert McCaa (U. of Minn.) editor, The Latin American Population History Bulletin expects to have the next issue completed soon; Richard Garner (Penn State), editor, The Latin American Economic History Newsletter, reports that periodical will now be distributed via the Internet (http://cac.psu.edu/~rlg7/hist/proj/laehn.html). Garner has noticed an increased in communications from readers and suggests that the LAEHN may be attracting greater interest since readers look for it when they have time to read and think about it rather than losing a paper copy of it in one of the amorphous piles we all have on our desks.

The Committee had two invited speakers on the subject of "Recent Research in Argentine Economic History." Lyman Johnson (U. of North Carolina at Charlotte) entitled his remarks "Measuring Economic Performance in the Rosas Period." Johnson began with a review of the economic historiography of the Rosas era and the problems and possibilities of using

probate records to estimate the distribution of wealth. Based on his evidence for Buenos Aires Province, Johnson calculated a Gini coefficient of 0.63 in 1830. (By comparison Alice Hansen Jones calculated 0.73 for the 13 North American colonies in the late 18th century. By 1855, total wealth and population had both increased dramatically in the Province of Buenos Aires, and the distribution of wealth was more unequal. The Gini coefficient rose to 0.78. Although the mean deflated wealth increase 4.7 times in the period, the distribution was more concentrated than before. Johnson compared his data to distributions of wealth in parts of North America and concluded that economic growth during the Rosas era was neither slow nor stagnant and, in fact, prepared the region for later prosperity.

Robert Gallman (U. of North Carolina, Chapel Hill) reported on his research with Lance E. Davis (California Institute of Technology) in a paper entitled "Savings, Investment, and Argentine Economic Growth, 1875-1914." This research is part of a larger project comparing capital flows and domestic financial intermediation in Argentina, Australia, Canada, and the United States. After discussing how the estimates were made and checked, Gallman presented the following conclusions. First, that the value of investments in improving land were small. Second, that Argentina had the smallest investment rate among the countries studied but experienced the highest rates of growth. Gallman explained the apparent anomaly in terms of the structure of the capital stock and the capital/output ratio. Gallman and Davis believe that the explanation lies the differences in the development of financial intermediation.

A general discussion followed with questions and comments from Mark Szuchman, Mark Wasserman, Vera Blinn Reber, Cynthia Radding, John J. TePaske, Christine Ehrick, Thomas L. Wigham, Michael Conniff, Jayne Spenser, Donald Stevens, and Steven Usselman.

Don Stevens, Drexel U.

Teaching and Teaching Materials Committee - teaching-related issues.

TITLE: Latinos(as) in the US: A Historical Perspective. Felix V. Matos Rodriguez, Northeastern U., Boston, Massachusetts

Last year, I taught a slightly different version of the Latino/a history course outlined below. I want to begin this brief commentary by sharing some ideas about potential texts, readings and audiovisual materials. After that, I thought that I should say something about the

particularities of teaching this course at a school like Northeastern and about the audience for whom the course was designed.

A common concern of many teachers of Latino/a history courses, is the lack of good survey books. I believe that most faculty teaching Latino history would agree that the survey books written between 1970 and 1980 seem substantive and theoretically dated. Most of the books

tend to concentrate on the Chicano/a experience, making them difficult for a Latino/a history course, unless one is constantly including additional readings dealing with Puerto Ricans, Cubans, Dominicans and other groups. I used Julian Zamora and Patricia Vandel Simon's A History of the Mexican-American People (U. of Notre Dame Press, 1993) last year. Both the students and myself disliked it. It was too simplistic, poorly organized, and it did not integrate cultural, artistic and literary issues in an effective way. Students gave high praise to the writings of, Ruiz, Fix and Passel, and Cisneros. The House on Mango Street provoked the most positive response by the students.

After reviewing my course outline, one might question the wisdom of dedicating so many weeks to cultural and public policy topics in a historical survey course. Part of the answer lies, of course, in my own previous experiences as a literature major and a policy-oriented program officer job prior to teaching at Northeastern. Yet, the real reason probably has to do with the fact that there are no Latino/a literature or Latino/a Social Problems courses offered at Northeastern. My course serves then, not only as a historical introductory course, but also as an introductory course with an interdisciplinary orientation.

I wanted to comment on several of the videos used in the course last year. I combined a few in-class showings -- to break the monotony of lecturing and to ensure the day-to-day survival of a first year assistant professor -- with assigned viewings as preparation for class

discussion. The following videos were particularly effective:

(1) Puerto Rican Passages (CT Humanities Council, 1994): Although this documentary focuses on the migration of Puerto Ricans into Connecticut, it provides a solid general account on the structural and individual reasons behind Puerto Rican migration to the US. The documentary covers from the origins of US-Puerto Rico economic relations in the second half of the 19th century, to current debates within the Puerto Rican community regarding bilingual education and welfare reform.

(2) The Cuban Excludables (Richter Productions, 1995): This documentary follows the story of the Cuban "Marielitos" and their struggles with the US federal government, providing important information regarding the political, legal, and diplomatic issues surrounding the aftermath of the 1980 Mariel boat lift. The documentary includes interviews with Cubans who were deported to Havana after years in US prisons; law and immigration officials close to the prison riots in Georgia and Alabama; and, with other "Marielitos" who settled in the Miami area.

(3) The Quest for Empowerment (National Council of La Raza, 1992): A brief documentary of the participation of Chicanos in the civil rights struggles of the 1960s and 1970s. It provides a good comparative perspective from the dominant African American-centered narratives and serves as a good introduction for students of the major issues, personalities and organizations of the Chicano movement.

(4) Mambo Mouth (Island Videos Arts, 1992): This video of John Leguizamo's fast-paced one man show, proved incredibly provocative. Questions regarding representation, ethnic and gender stereotypes, inter-ethnic relations, sexuality, bilingual education, and domestic violence, among others, were part of the discussion following the video viewing.

Regarding the mechanics of the course, one should know that Northeastern runs on a quarter system. That explains why the course is structured for twelve weeks as opposed to the more traditional 14 week semester. Students on a quarter system end up buying more books than

students on a semester system, so I try not to force students to buy more than 3-4 books per course. Given that many Latino(a) students, most of them at Northeastern are on financial aid, are interested in courses like this one, I also try to keep required books at a minimum.

One final note about the student composition in last year's class. Latinos/as made up the majority of the students in my class. Out of 20 students, 15 were Latino/a. Representative of the Latino/a population in the Eastern US, where most Northeastern's students are

recruited, the class had 5 Puerto Ricans, 3 Central Americans, 3 Colombians, 3 Peruvians, 1 Cuban, 1 Argentinean, and no Chicanos. The class was equally divided among women and men. Precisely because the students were so foreign to the Chicano and Mexican-American experiences in the Southwest, I decided to give significant attention to these experiences. I also included sections on the newer immigrant groups, which seldom get discussed in most Latino/a history courses (in part because there is not much written about them).

I hope that these notes and the ensuing course outline help those thinking of teaching a Latino(a) history. I look forward to receiving your feedback and comments.

Prof. Felix V. Matos Rodriguez, Northeastern U., Dept. of History E-mail: fmatosro@lynx.neu.edu Off. Hrs: MT 12:30-1:30pm

HST 1538: Latinos(as) in the United States: A Historical Perspective.

Fall 1995, MTTh 2:50-3:55 pm, 158 RY

I. Brief Course Description: The groups defined as Latinos(as) -- Chicanos, Cuban-Americans, Puerto Ricans and the recent arrivals from Central and South America and Dominican Republic, comprise the fastest growing population in the United States. Despite all the recent media attention to Latinos(as), the history of their experiences remains largely obscure. Latinos(as) have faced ethnic suspicion, hostility, and discrimination. These obstacles notwithstanding, Latinos(as) have experienced achievement in their mutual struggles. Latinos(as) share many commonalties in their historic past and in their attempts at incorporating within US society. Yet, a tremendous diversity distinguishes many of the sub-groups included under the term Latino. This diversity is frequently ignored and is seldom discussed.

This course will examine the history and experiences of the three major Latino(a) sub-groups (Chicanos, Cuban-Americans, and Puerto Ricans) and the new immigrants from Central and South America and the Caribbean. Among the topics to be discussed are: US expansion and

imperialism in the Southwest and the Caribbean, migration patterns, forms of ethnic nationalism, political participation and mobilization, gender, race and class distinctions, labor migration, contemporary cultural and literary currents, the effects of post-industrialization,and inter-ethnic relations.

II. Course Requirements: (a) Class Attendance & Participation; (b) Mid-Term (Oct 26) and Final Examinations; (c) One Class Presentation; (d) Four short commentaries (3 pages each) responding to the weekly readings and/or class discussions. Two commentaries must be completed prior to the Mid-Term Examination. The commentaries are due on the Monday following the selected week.

III. Course Outline & Required Readings: Books listed with an asterisk (**) will be available for purchase at the bookstore. A package with all the reserve readings will be available at Gnomon Copy [Huntington Ave.]. All readings will be available at the Reserve Section in Snell Library.

WEEKS 1-2: Introduction: Who's Latino(a) Anyway?

Weber, David; The Spanish Frontier in North America (Yale U. Press: 1992): 302-60.

Felix Padilla, "On Hispanic Identity," Handbook of Hispanic Cultures in the US: Sociology, (Arte Publico Press: 1994): 292-303.

Ruben Rumbaut, "The Americans: Latin American and Caribbean Peoples in the United States," Americas: New Interpretative Essays (Oxford U. Press: 1992), 275-309.

Alejandro Portes, "Enforced Ethnicity: The Pitfalls of Hispanic Identity," (Paper Read at the IUP/SSRC 'Latinos & Social Science Paradigms' Meeting, New Orleans, March 1994).

WEEK 3: Manifest Destiny: US Imperialism in Mexico and the Caribbean.

Barrera, Mario; Race and Class in the Southwest: A Theory of Racial Inequality (U. of Notre Dame Press: 1979): 07-57.

Langley, Lester D.; Struggle for the American Mediterranean: United States-European Rivalry in the Gulf-Caribbean, 1776-1904 (U. of Georgia Press: 1976): 51-106 & 165-190.

Additional: Reginald Horsman, Race and Manifest Destiny: The Origins of American Racial Anglo-Saxonism (Harvard U. Press: 1981), 187-304.

WEEK 4: Mexican Migrants in the Early 20th Century.

Mario Barrera, Race and Class in the Southwest, 58-103.

Sanchez, George; Becoming Mexican-American: Ethnicity, Culture & Identity in Chicano Los Angeles, 1900-1945 (Oxford U. Press: 1993): 63-86.

Rosales, Francisco A.; "The Regional Origins of Mexicano Immigrants to Chicago During the 1920s" Aztlan 7 (1976): 187-201.

Additional: Montejano, David; Anglos and Mexicans in the Making of Texas, 1836-1986 (U. of Texas Press: 1987): 101-56.

Valdes, Dennis N.; Al Norte: Agricultural Workers in the Great Lakes Region, 1917-1970 (U. of Texas Press: 1991): 08-50.

WEEK 5: Puerto Ricans: From Colonia to Community.

Andreu Iglesias, Cesar [ed.]; Memoirs of Bernardo Vega: A Contribution to the History of the Puerto Rican Community in New York (Monthly Review Press: 1984).

Dietz, James; "Migration and International Corporations: The Puerto Rican Model of Development" in Carlos A. Torre, [ed.]; The Commuter Nation: Perspectives on Puerto Rican Migration (U. of Puerto Rico Press: 1994): 153-70.

Additional: Barradas, Efrain; "How to Read Bernardo Vega" in Carlos A. Torre, [ed.]; The Commuter Nation: Perspectives on Puerto Rican Migration (U. of Puerto Rico Press: 1994): 313-28.

WEEK 6: Zootsuiters, Braceros and Spiks: Mexican-Americans and Puerto Ricans in Post-War US.

Montejano, David; Anglos and Mexicans, 257-87.

Valdes, Dennis Nodin; Al Norte, 89-133.

Vicky Ruiz, "And Miles to Go..."Mexican Women and Work, 1930-1950," in Lillian Schlissel et al, Western Women: Their Land, Their Lives (U of New Mexico Press: 1988), 117-136.

Altagracia Ortiz, "Historical Vignettes of Puerto Rican Women Workers in NYC, 1895-1990," Handbook of Hispanic Cultures in the US: Sociology (Arte Publico Press: 1994): 219-238.

WEEK 7: Political Empowerment and Recent Trends in Political Participation.

Juan Gomez Quiones, Chicano Politics: Reality & Promise, 1940-1990 (U of New Mexico: 1990), 101-154.

Munoz Jr., Carlos; Youth, Identity, Power: The Chicano Movement (Verso: 1989): 19-98.

Carol Hardy-Fanta, "Latina Women, Latin Men, and Political Participation in Boston: La Chispa que Puede," Latino Studies Journal 3:2 (May 1992), 38-54.

Additional: Romo, Ricardo,"Southern California and the Origins of Latino Civil-Rights Activism" Western Legal History 3 (1990): 379-406.

WEEK 8: The Cuban Experience in the US.

Gerald Poyo, "Evolution of Cuban Separatist Thought in the Emigre Communities of the US, 1848-1895," HAHR 66 (August 1986), 485-508.

Lisandro Perez, "Cuban Miami," in Guillermo Grenier & Alex Stepick (eds.), Miami Now!: Immigration, Ethnicity and Social Change, (U. Press of Florida: 1992), 83-108.

Marifeli Perez-Stable & Miren Uriarte, "Cubans and the Changing Economy in Miami," in Frank Bonilla & Rebecca Morales (eds.), Latinos in a Changing US Economy (Sage: 1993), 133-159.

Additional: Masud-Piloto, Felix; From Welcomed Exiles to Illegal Immigrants: Cuban Migration to the US, 1959-1995 (Rowman & Littlefield: 1995).

Portes, Alejandro & Alex Stepick; City on the Edge: The Transformation of Miami (U. of California Press: 1993).

WEEK 9: Poverty and Post-Industrialization in the Latino Community.

Bonilla, Frank & Rebecca Morales (eds.), Latinos in a Changing US Economy (Sage: 1993), 1-54.

Moore, Joan & James D. Vigil, "Barrios in Transition," in Joan Moore & Raquel Pinderhughes (eds.), In the Barrios: Latinos & the Underclass Debate (Russell Sage: 1993), 27-50.

Colon, Alice; "Puerto Rican Women in the Middle Atlantic Region: Employment, Loss of Jobs & the Feminization of Poverty" in Carlos A. Torre, [ed.]; The Commuter Nation: Perspectives on Puerto Rican Migration (U. of Puerto Rico Press: 1994): 253-88.

Zavella, Patricia; "The Politics of Race & Gender: Organizing Chicana Cannery Workers in Northern California" in Norma Alarcon et al, [eds.]; Chicana Critical Issues (Third World Press: 1994): 127-55.

WEEK 10: New Immigrants and the Latino(a) Community in the 1990s.

Portes, Alejandro & Alex Stepick; City on the Edge, 150-77.

Bray, David; "The Dominican Exodus: Origins, Problems, Solutions" in Barry B. Levine [ed.]; The Caribbean Exodus (Praeger: 1987): 152-71.

Gugliotta, Guy; "The Central American Exodus: Grist for the Migrant Mill" in Barry B. Levine [ed.]; The Caribbean Exodus (Praeger: 1987): 171-84.

Sassen-Koob, Saskia; "Formal and Informal Associations: Dominicans and Colombians in New York City" in Constance Sutton et al [ed.]; Caribbean Life in New York City: Sociological Dimensions (Center for Migration Studies, New York: 1987): 278-96.

Additional: Sherri Grasmuck & Patricia Pessar, Between Two Islands: Dominican International Migration (U. of Cal Press: 1991).

WEEK 11: Contemporary Cultural Manifestations.

Sandra Cisneros, The House on Mango Street (Vintage: 1989).

Tato Laviera, La Carreta Made a U-Turn (Arte Publico Press: 1992).

Video: John Leguizamo, Mambo Mouth (Island Video Arts: 1992).

Additional: Woll, Allen L.; The Latin Image in American Film (UCLA Latin Amer. Publications: 1980).

WEEK 12: Current Issues

Fix, Michael & Jeffrey S. Passel; Immigration and Immigrants: Setting the Record Straight (The Urban Institute: 1994).

Louise Lamphere, "Introduction: The Shaping of Diversity," in Louise Lamphere (ed.), Structuring Diversity: Ethnographic Perspectives on the New Immigration (U. Chicago Press: 1992), 1-34.

IV. Topics:

Week 1 -- Introduction

Sept 21: Why Latino(a) History? -- Rules of the Game.

Week 2 -- Who's Latino(a) Anyway?

Sept 25: What's in a Name?: Labels & Definitions.

Sept 26: Native Americans of Central & North America.

Sept 28: Native American and European Encounters.

Week 3 -- Manifest Destiny: US Imperialism in Mexico and the Caribbean.

Oct 2: Spanish Presence in the Southwest: 18th-19th Centuries.

Oct 3: The Mexican War of 1848.

Oct 5: The US and the Caribbean.

Week 4 -- Mexican Migrants in the Early 20th Century.

Oct 9: The Mexican Revolution and the Economic Transformation of the US-Mexico Border.

Oct 10: The Growth of Chicano LA.

Oct 12: Chicano Workers in Texas and the Mid-West.

Week 5 -- Puerto Ricans: From Colonia to Community.

Oct 16: Puerto Ricans in the US: NYC, Hawaii and Arizona.

Oct 17: The Growth of the NYC Community.

Oct 19: Midterm.

Week 6 -- Zootsuiters, Braceros and Spiks: Mexican-Americans and Puerto Ricans in Post-War US.

Oct 23: The Bracero Program.

Oct 24: The post-WWII Puerto Rican Migration.

Oct 26: Latino WWII Veterans: Dreams and Politics.

Week 7 -- Political Empowerment and Recent Trends in Political Participation.

Oct 30: The Chicano Movement.

Oct 31: Puerto Ricans: Politics, Young Lords & the 'Status' Question.

Nov 2: Latinos(as) in Contemporary Politics.

Week 8 -- The Cuban Experience in the US.

Nov 6: Cuban and US 19th-Century Ties.

Nov 7: The Cuban Revolution.

Nov 9: Cuban Miami.

Week 9 -- Poverty and Post-Industrialization.

Nov 13: Post-Industrialization in the US and the Latino(a) Community.

Nov 14: Latinos(as) and Poverty.

Nov 16: Latina Struggles in the Economy and in Society.

Week 10 -- New Immigrants and the Latino(a) Community.

Nov 20: New Migrants from Central America.

Nov 21: Again NYC: Colombians and Dominicans.

Nov 23: Thanksgiving Day [no class]

Week 11 -- Contemporary Cultural Manifestations.

Nov 27: Latinos(as) in the Media, Television & Film.

Nov 28: Contemporary Latino(a) Literature.

Nov 30: Latinos(as) and Their Music.

Week 12 -- Current Issues.

Dec 4: Inter-ethnic Relations in the US.

Dec 5: The Immigration Debate.

Dec 7: Reading Day [no class].

Beyond Indians and the State: Hegemony, Negotiation, Coercion and State Formation in Guatemala's Western Highlands - This panel provided a provocative cross-section of work being done in Guatemala on the inter-connected issues of regionalism, nation-building, and identity. The breadth and depth of regional studies presented of these phenomena mark a new florescence in the field often considered peripheral by other Latin Americanists. The panelists covered a range of topics from the formation of the region of "Los Altos" of Guatemala in the eighteenth century to the contrasting trajectories of distinct regions within Guatemala during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. However, all of the papers called for a regional or sub-national perspective as a corrective to the tradition of "historia capitaleña " which has so dominated the reconstruction of the nation's past.

In a series of short papers on works in progress each member explored how the centrifugal and centripetal forces effected the Guatemalan State across time. Arturo Taracena presented a synthetic overview of the formation of "Los Altos" of Western Guatemala as a self-conscious region in opposition to the national state centered in Guatemala city. Jorge Gonzalez's paper explored similar themes of his recently completed dissertation on the topic with an emphasis on the rise of the region in the century before the Liberal revolt of 1871 which marked the region's conquest of the nation state. Gregory Grandin charted the effects of these transformations on the indigenous elites of Quetzaltenango and discussed some of the theoretical and hisotriographical implications of his work. Finally, Todd Little- Siebold brought a comparative regional perspective to the panel comparing the trajectories of the nation's Occidente and Oriente. From this vantage point he argued that the Liberal's who ruled Guatemala from 1871 to 1945 failed to construct an effective state apparatus and political change was still heavily conditioned by local and regional factors even at mid-century.

The able questions of the Chair, Gilbert Joseph, enriched the dialogue among the panelists and provoked discussion from the audience. His insightful comments on the issues of State formation from a Mexicanist's perspective help provide a broad discussion of the

theoretical issues involved in this cluster of papers.

Todd Little-Siebold, Lewis and Clark College

Body, Sex, Mind: The Language of Mental Health in Argentina from Lombroso to Freud - attracted an audience of more than twenty. Maria Gabriela Nouzeilles of Duke University's Department of Romance Studies offered a stimulating commentary that led to a lively discussion among panel members and the audience.

Kristin Ruggiero's paper, "Misdirected Passions in Late 19th Century Argentina," analyzed the discourse on "misdirected" human passions, as revealed in criminal dossiers. She suggested that passion played an important role in the construction of the state. The goal of finding a way to accommodate natural passions in a scientific, rational state project achieved a special significance in a newly-post colonial country such as Argentina. The effort to define amorphous concepts such as passion formed part of the hegemonic, "nationist" project of the Argentine state. Argentina's study of passion, occurring as it did in a country molded by massive European immigration, gave a unique perspective to the international scientific, secular discourse on the emotions. Professor Ruggiero concluded that the state's involvement with emotive concepts such as passion helped create a more intrusive state with expanded powers of social control.

Professor Fernando Monge's paper, "Prostitutes in the Social Parade in 18th and 19th Century Port Cities," discussed the meaning and function of prostitution in relationship to the process of constructing the social order of Buenos Aires. He found striking continuity in the way prostitution was considered by elites and, indeed, the whole society during this period. The role of prostitution in Buenos Aires and in Argentine society did change, but an archaic pattern of social relations continued to affect prostitution in porteño society. At the beginning of this century, economic and demographic developments concealed from view a rather traditional moral order rooted in the colonial experience. He argued that municipal authorities, judicial and police officers, and the `gente decente' increasingly justified their responses to prostitution by references to the theories of Lombroso and Freud, but that actual policies tended to confirm the social beliefs of elite and governing groups.

The final paper was presented by Professor Lila Caimari, "Whose Criminals Are These? Church, State, and Patronatos and the Rehabilitation of Female Convicts (Buenos Aires, 1890-1970)." She asserted that turn-of-the-century Argentine political leaders were deeply influenced by new scientific ideas about the origin and treatment of criminality developed by the Italian positivist school of criminology. Enforcement of new principles such as the individualization of penalties and the use of work in rehabilitation was rather uneven. From 1890 until as late as 1970, female convicts were sent to prisons controlled by a religious order not associated with these new approaches to crime and rehabilitation. She argued that official perceptions of female offenders and their rehabilitation remained deeply influenced by traditional assumptions about gender, crime, and work, despite the government's well-known zeal for secularization and its anti-clerical attitude. These assumptions were demonstrated by the reluctance of the state to make convicted women serve out their prison sentences, by its refusal to spend more than a token amount of money on female prisons, and by the lack of interest in enforcing work discipline. Only in the 1970s, when the populations of these prisons shifted from poor domestic workers accused of petty theft to a wave of young women accused of subversive political activism, would female correctional institutions be placed under the control of the state.

"Citizenship and Deviance in Latin America" - The papers presented at this session represented some of the exciting new work currently being done on the history of crime in Latin America. As chair, I gave a brief presentation, "Interrogating Criminological Discourse," that addressed some of the controversy surrounding discourse analysis as a legitimate tool for historical investigation and suggested some methods to moderate as well as broaden its usefulness to scholars studying the history of crime. The other panelists addressed these issues in specific historical contexts. Ricardo Salvatore, in his paper "Against Property and Against the State: The Crimes of Poor 'Paisanos' in Mid-Nineteenth Century Buenos Aires," argued that the Argentine countryside during the Rosas years was more peaceful than previously supposed with most crimes dealt with informally by local officials. He also provided insights into the role of the state in criminalizing behavior for its own ends (to provide troops for the army) and in defining criminal types. Pablo Piccato's "Mexico City Criminals: Between Social Engineering and Popular Culture" explored the way prisoners manipulated the "subjectivities" imposed by prison officials to suit their own interests, especially after the Revolution.. Carlos Aguirre, in "Changing Images of Crime and Criminals in Modern Lima," examined the impact of scientific criminology on elite Peruvian attitudes towards Indian criminality. He argued that in spite of a racist legacy most Peruvian criminologists favored an environmental explanation for criminal behavior that favored social over biological causes. Katherine Bliss's "Prostitutes and Mothers: Gender and Citizenship in Post-Revolutionary Mexico" investigated the way Mexico city prostitutes turned revolutionary pro-family rhetoric on its head by arguing, as mothers and as informal protectors of mothers (who provided an outlet for husbands that kept them at home), for their rights as revolutionary citizens. The audience seemed very receptive to the panel, asked penetrating questions, and offered numerous helpful suggestions and correctives.

Robert Buffington, St. John's U.

Citizenship and Popular Politics in Early 20th-Century Latin America: Colombian Perspectives - Gary Long (Methodist College) spoke on "Radical Artisans in Latin America: The Case of Colombia in the 1930s." Long examined the links between partisan Liberal identity (as evidenced by participation in past civil wars) and radical ideology/politics (in particular, a commitment to what Long calls "producer republicanism") among Colombian workers--particularly artisans, a group of durable importance in Colombian history. Workers invoked, with some success (especially between 1930 and 1936), their Liberal credentials in order to win the incipient transformation of their party into something more attuned to their class interests.

Mary Roldán (Cornell U.) spoke on "Inversion, Transgression, and Contagion: Citizenship, Nation, and the Body Politic in Colombia, 1900-1930." Roldán, critically appropriating Foucault and others, dissected two influential essays by elite Antioquenos: Tulio Ospina's Protocolo Hispanoamericano de Urbanidad y el Buen Tono, and Argemira Sanchez's El Libro del Ciudadano. Both texts, Roldán argues, corporealize society and its tensions--to be solved through simple (and largely aesthetic) hygiene for Ospina, and a more thoroughgoing "medical" therapy for Sanchez. Roldán sees further evidence of ongoing "pathologization and regulation of the body" as social control strategy, in the language and substance of late-1930s revisions to the national criminal code.

The commenter, Charles Bergquist (U. of Washington), praised both papers for their fresh insights into the period, and pointed out their compatibility, despite divergent theoretical underpinnings. For Long's paper, Bergquist called attention to the (probably fatal) tensions inherent to "producer republicanism." He also pointed out the apparent ease with which reactionary Liberals (led by Eduardo Santos) reversed the gains of Liberal workers after 1936. Partisan mystique and solidarity, he implied, might be debilitating as well as empowering in the pursuit of class interests. For Roldán's paper, Bergquist suggested that the body-as-trope might have deeper roots in Colombian history (back to the civil wars of the 1800s, at least), rather than being an overdetermined product of capitalist development, as suggested by the theorists cited by Roldán. He also questioned whether working people, of the sort analyzed, and ultimately "pathologized," in this discourse, bought into it.

There then followed a brief but lively round of questions and observations from the 25 audience members.

Richard Stoller, Substitute Chair (Eduardo Saenz had the flu)

Divergent Paths to Ethnic and Social Mobility in Northern New Spain - An interested audience of twenty-three attended this early morning session. Susan Deeds, (Northern Arizona U.), drew from her extensive on going research and explored in her paper two distinct modes of cultural transformation among the Acaxees, Xiximes, Conchos, Tepehuanes, and Tarahumaras of Nueva Vizcaya during the 17th and 18th centuries. A number of variables, degree and timing of population decline, proximity to Spanish settlement, demands for labor, etc., helped determine the two paths of cultural reconfiguration. One of these paths resulted in racial and/or cultural mestizaje for the first three groups mentioned above. The other path, exemplified best in the Tarahumaras, led away from the Hispanic world, toward "ethnogenesis"-- the creation of a new identity that "effectively developed a counterhegemonic code or ideology" that reinforced this cultural distance.

José Cuello's (Wayne State U.), presentation, lavishly illustrated with graphs and tables, centered on the question of racial passing (or racial drift and variability) in late 18th-century Saltillo. Cuello analyzed in detail three late-colonial censuses and found considerable racial variability and drift, usually at two stages in life. For Cuello, the most significant (though frequently overlooked) form of drift occurred during infancy, in the "practice of incorporating tertiary populations into the primary racial groups." The second form involved "social passing in adulthood from an established identity to a new one." Insisting that Saltillo "was governed by a well-ordered set of racial values driven by the social primacy of the Spanish identity," Cuello concluded that the sistema de castas, "rather than being in a state of disintegration, was functioning vigorously" at the end of the colonial period.

Cynthia Radding, (U. of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign), skillfully and accurately highlighted the major points of the two presentations and posed several questions designed to move the debate forward. The first of these dealt with the notion of calidad. She urged that, in addition to race and class, we consider property (wealth) in determining calidad and suggested that we examine "relational social networks," as Cope has done for Mexico city, in order to better understand the dynamics of colonial society. As a way to link the two presentations, Radding also brought up the concept of auterité, defining self and other, as a means of unraveling questions of identity, mobility, variability, and change.

The floor was then opened to the audience and there ensued a beneficial exchange of views that occupied the remainder of the allotted time. Mary Karasch pointed out that on the colonial Brazilian frontier, the term calidad was a descriptor for the higher bureaucracy. Doug Cope questioned Cuello on the manner in which the racial labelling was being done in Saltillo (how and by whom?). Cuello responded that various officials compiled the data, and that the enumerators often struggled with the ambiguities of racial categorization. Leslie Offut asked if Cuello were looking only at urban Saltillo, or if he also had considered the rural areas. Cuello responded that he had considered both, but that he failed to distinguish an urban/rural dichotomy. Offut then asked whether he had made any distinctions among the several barrios of the city, to which Cuello replied that he had not but conceded that such an approach might be fruitful. Addressing the issue of "downward mobility," Vincent Peloso asked why a census taker would downgrade someone's calidad. Cuello answered that there exist relatively few cases of this happening, but posited that identities were constantly being negotiated. Finally, Jane Landers expressed her concerns over the use of the term "ethnogenesis." What does it mean? Since virtually nothing is known about these groups before contact, how can one determine the degree of change under the colonial order? Susan Deeds agreed that we don't know much about the pre-contact period, but pointed out that the "ethnogenesis" to which she referred clearly was the result of colonial duress and that new "tribal" identities (such as Tarahumaras) were shaped through contacts with Spanish colonialism. Cynthia Radding further nuanced how Spanish culture often forged an oppositional identity among indigenous groups.

Charles Cutter, Chair, Perdue U.

Economic, Social, and Political Historiography of the Transition from Colonial to National Latin America" - The panel participants included Richard Salvucci (Trinity U.), Victor M. Uribe (FIU), and Susan Socolow (Emory University). The panel was chaired by Mark D. Szuchman (FIU) and comments were presented by Eric Van Young (U, of California, San Diego) and Szuchman.

Salvucci's paper, "Continuity and Change in Latin American Economic History, 1780-1850," outlined the conceptual and methodological debates surrounding Latin America's record in achieving export-led growth. He focused especially on the differences in results that emanate from two competing analytical frameworks: the approach of structural analysis and the one that looks into the market relationships between supply and demand in the realm of commodity goods. Salvucci characterizes the nature of Latin America's economy since the eighteenth century with the term "Dutch disease." This is the condition that obtains, first, from a process of growth in the export sector involving natural resources, and second, from the consequent growth in the supply of foreign exchange at rates that outstrip domestic demand for these goods, resulting in an much higher demand for imports, now made cheaper by an overvaluation of currency. In the end, the higher exchange rate discourages other exports. Salvucci argues that "Dutch disease" represents an economic condition that crossed the boundaries between the colonial and the national eras, spanning the period from 1780 to 1850. Thus it was experienced in various periods of export-led growth, including the silver boom of late-eighteenth-century Mexico and the guano-led boom in Peru in the 1840s. Unfortunately, these export booms were unable to transmit gains either to the wider spectrum of the economy or to the export sectors themselves. Finding the analytical framework of dependency models to be inadequate in explaining these processes, Salvucci argues on behalf of models oriented, instead, toward supply and demand relations and institutional factors, which he sees as having considerable potential for empirical findings, in the areas of political risk, reduced capital formation, and lagging growth. By contrast, he considers that the focus on terms of trade has been unable to provide sound explanations based on empirical data.

Victor Uribe's presentation concentrated on recent Latin American historiography. His paper, "Continuities and Change in Latin American Political History, 1780-1850," offered a wide-ranging view of the state of the literature, opening with titles covering the colonial era with issues such as the bureaucracy and the colonial state, the Bourbon Reforms, and popular mobilization. For the post-independence period, Uribe covered the analyses of disaggregated power and instability, the nature of political leadership and institutional frameworks, nation-building and electoral processes, and, finally, political culture and identity. Uribe noted the still-considerable presence of the elites among the scholars of Latin American politics who study this middle period linking the colonial and national eras. He calls for transcending the formal bases of politics and the elite-centered nature of the traditional research by, in part, assigning a greater role to the social conditions that underlay different Latin American regions. This would serve provide a greater understanding of the larger dimensions of Latin American politics. At the same time, recent scholarship on elections must be expanded, especially because elections have been very fruitfully explored but only by a very few scholars over the recent past. Finally, he pointed to the facile relationship that historians use in equating nation-building with state-building. He noted that the studies portraying themselves as analyses of nation-building fail to take up the matters of political culture and constituencies thereby ending up, in fact, as studies in state-building.

Susan Socolow's paper, "Continuity and Change in Latin American Social History, 1780-1850," also offered a critical overview of the recent literature. She focused on three issues: first, the periodization schema as indicated by the theme of the panel; second, the recent works which have used this temporal framework; and third, avenues for further research. Socolow noted that the asserted cohesion of the century that spanned the mid-1700s to the mid-1800s reflected the political developments of Western Europe framed by the Enlightenment at the start and the revolutions of 1848 at the end. She thus raised the question as to the extent to which this temporal framework fits the historical developments experienced by Latin America. On a larger scale, she brought up the issue of periodization in general: whose frameworks do they serve? what points of view do they highlight? how valid do they remain from one generation of historians to another? Socolow suggested that the temporal framework suggested in the panel reflected more the themes of scholarly conferences with papers that subsequently appeared in published proceedings. She pointed to problems dealing both with the opening and the ending points of the periodization, noting some of the recent publications. Socolow suggested that the period of the independence wars can offer much to explain Latin America's historical processes, yet it has been neglected. She suggests that independence produced vital changes in society, including the secularization of values and an increased distance between the public and private spheres. In the end, Socolow urged that future research take account of the centrality of the revolutionary experience in spawning or advancing important changes and creating discontinuities with the pre-revolutionary era.

Eric Van Young's comments focused initially on the laudably wide range of scholarship covered by the presenters and on the opportunities available for further research in the areas of economics, politics, and society in the period covered by the mid-1700s to the mid-1800s. He then pointed out the need to analyze the pace and nature of the cultural transformations that developed, particularly, among the common folk in the countryside. He took up examples in which the political beliefs of the Latin American masses were conditioned by a very different measure or sense of time than was the case with the more educated or elite segments, and the extent to which these differences affected the nature and development of politics into the nineteenth century.

Mark Szuchman's comments revolved around the essential need for periodization to remain a fundamental aspect of the historian's task. He noted that, in its function as an epistemological exercise, periodization serves to trigger concepts that drive researchers into detailed inspections of the historical forces that occasioned change, conflict, and accommodation. The main challenge to historians is to make sure that we have sound theoretical and empirical bases for framing the periods' beginnings and ends.

Mark D. Szuchman, Florida International University

"Famine and Famine Relief in Comparative Context" - Two papers were presented at this panel. The first was by Gregory H. Maddox (Texas Souther U.), on "The Colonial State and Famine Relief, Tanganyika, 1916-1961." Maddox gave an overview of efforts by the British colonial state to provide famine relief. He discussed changing conceptions of the causes of famine among colonial officials, and concluded that while famine relief gradually became more effective, chronic malnutrition has succeeded famine as a widespread affliction among Tanzanians. Robert H. Jackson (Texas Southern U.) presented a paper entitled "Famine and Famine Relief in Cochabamba, Bolivia, 1878-1910." He concentrated on the demographic consequences of famine, and also compared the provision of famine relief in rural and urban areas. Discussion from the floor considered why famine has received much more attention from historians in Africa than in Latin America. The discussion also considered how various comparative works on famine (such as that of A. Sen) could be applied in both the Tanzanian and Bolivian instances.

James Giblin, Panel Chair, U. of Iowa

lnterdisciplinary Perspectives On Nation-State Legitimacy and Militarism In Chile, 1890-1994 - M. Elisa Fernández and Lessie Jo Frazier, presenters; Frederick Nunn, comment; Thomas C. Wright, chair. Lessie Jo Frazier (U. of Michigan) began with "State Violence on the Frontiers of Chilean National Memory: La Coruña, 1925," a paper focusing on a major but little-remembered nitrate workers' strike In Tarapacá. The strike was used to explore the questions of how communities come to terms with experiences of extreme repression, how histories of such repression become incorporated, modified, or forgotten In both popular memory and mainstream history, and how violence in its various forms, repression, war, and daily life, affects state formation. This case study in the history of social memory offered an innovative way of understanding the interplay between local and national culture and politics and suggested the value of greater dialogue between military and labor history.

M. Elisa Fernández (U. of Miami) presented "The Changing Role of the Chilean Military, a Case Study: The PUMA and Línea Recta Experience, 1952-1958," which focused on the role of two military political movements during the second administration of Carlos lbáñez. Drawing on sensitive army service and courts martial records and interviews with retired officers, the paper examined the formation of PUMA (Par un Mañana mejor) and Línea Recta, the social and career patterns of their membership, their ideologies and programs, and their Influence in the lbáñez administration. This case study demonstrated the failure of historians to appreciate the degree of the military's politicization between 1932 and 1973 and suggested a linear connection between PUMA and Línea Recta and the Pinochet dictatorship of 1973-1990.

Frederick Nunn (Portland State U.) offered incisive critiques of the two papers, pointing out a possible connection between military service in the strife-ridden Chilean north and the attitudes and policies of the Pinochet dictatorship and suggesting ways of exploring this and related themes. The audience then engaged the panel in a lively discussion.

Thomas C. Wright, U. of Nevada, Las Vegas

"Latin American Women on Film and in Literature" - Barbara Weinstein (SUNY-Stony Brook) placed the 1968 Cuban film LUCIA (Humberto Solas) in the context of the Cuban Revolution and women's studies. As a relatively early film on women and history, she argued, the three "Lucias" appeared to illustrate the relationship between class and nation more than the role of women in Cuban history. Despite this flaw from a contemporary feminist perspective, the film provides ample opportunity to examine and discuss women in Cuban history and thus is a good classroom tool.

Donald Stevens (Drexel U.) examined Maria Luisa Bemberg's film, Camila (Argentina, 1984) as a vivid window into the society of Rosas's Argentina. Bemberg's Camila may be more active and automous than the original woman on whom the story is based, since the director's feminism colored the portrayal of the protagonist. Still, Stevens concludes that the film accurately portrays issues related to patriarchy, the Church, and the Rosas caudillo system, especially since the patriarchal system triumphs over the more "modern" and activist Camila.

James Henderson (Coastal Carolina U.) concluded the presentations with a discussion of a Brazilian film based on the Jorge Amado novel, Gabriela (1983). The film provides a window into elite mentality, economic change, and bourgeois attitudes toward progress and gender relations in the early nineteenth century cacao region of Ilheus. Henderson finds the film useful for illuminating these themes, but cautions that students should be advised that some feminists and some naive students may be offended by the exuberant treatment of sex and nudity.

Judith Ewell (William and Mary) commended the quality of the three papers and added that teachers using such films in the classroom could also encourage students to analyze the films as they might any written historical sources. Who was the director and what was the context for making the film? Did the film receive financial subsidies or did it have to achieve a commercial success? Did the director intend the film to comment on the historical context or on a contemporary situation. For example, did Bemberg have her eyes fixed exclusively on the Rosas era or did she also intend a comment on the Argentine dictatorships of the 1970s?

A lively discussion ensued on these and other issues.

Judith Ewell, Chair

The View from the "interior": State-Formation and the Provinces in Argentina - One of the most important challenges to modern Argentine historiography is to pry ourselves from Buenos Aires. Since its inception, historical writing on Argentina fans outward from the port. All three papers redress this problem, in many ways following developments elsewhere in Latin American historiography.

David Rock presented a portion of a larger project on the origins of the state in Argentina and Uruguay in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, dealing with civil wars in the provinces in the 1860s and 1870s. In seeking to break down conventional binary schemes (modern vs traditional, liberal vs conservative, barbarism vs civilization), Rock sought to typologize different provincial regimes along two grid-lines; first the location along a spectrum of pastoral or agrarian societies; second along ethnic lines, whether mestizo or indigenous populations. Finding that the combination of mestizo and pastoral societies were most inclined to resist centralist efforts to state-building, he offers an alternative framework. Accordingly, liberalism is not necessarily the ideological patrimony of elites, and nor are rural folk anti-statist. He applies this approach to the cases of La Rioja and Entre Rios in particular.

Gustavo Paz presented a section of his dissertation (which is currently being finished) on agrarian society in the Puna of Jujuy and south of Bolivia. A close look at developments within particular communities, Paz revealed local societies in a constant state of turmoil, largely over the status of landed property and an emerging system of labor recruitment for estates. Not unlike processes unfolding elsewhere in Latin America in the 19th century, grievances intensified when indigenous patterns of landholding faced pressure from outside market and non-market forces. What makes this at all "Argentine"? Paz went an to show that the social and economic cleavages were inflected with political meanings because peasants could exploit spaces opened up by conflicts within the local elite and between local state-builders and national elites based in Buenos Aires. As a result, the consolidation of the state in Argentina in the provinces was much more contingent on local alignments than heretofore appreciated.

Ariel de la Fuente presented a chapter of a dissertation on La Rioja and the social origins of the Montonera in the 1850s and 60s. His paper focused principally on the local elite, stressing that unitarianism was not a political force restricted to Buenos Aires, and that state-formation process cannot be reduced to resolving personalist and factionalist disputes. In other words, the province was divided internally along ideological lines and these ideologies had material messages and consequences. Much of the local-level discord stemmed from local propertied sectors' quest for a reliable, stable and effective administration (especially for police and court powers), capable of creating and enforcing social relations appropriate for a now model of development.

All three papers address gaping holes in Argentine historiography and provoked a lively debate. Two issues in particular dominated the discussion. First, what were the legacies of Rosas and Urquiza in ideological terms? Second, how were the provinces affected socially and economically by the long-term reordering of the region after the downfall of the Viceroyalty?

Jeremy Adelman, Princeton U.

We are pleased to announce the competition for the next Bolton Prize which will be awarded at our January 1997 meeting in New York City. The Bolton, our largest prize, carries a stipend of $500.

The Bolton Prize honors the best book in English on any significant aspect of Latin American history which is published anywhere during the imprint year prior to the one of the award (i.e. 1995). Sound scholarship, grace of style, and importance of the scholarly contribution are among the criteria for the award. Normally not considered for the award are translations, anthologies of selections by several authors, reprints or re-editions of works published previously, and works not primarily historical in aim or content. An honorable mention award may be made for an additional distinguished work deemed worthy by the prize committee.

Submission Deadline August 1. Please send copies of the books you wish to nominate to the committee members:

Stuart Schwartz, Chair Frederick M. Nunn Cheryl E. Martin

Dept.of History Office of Intl Affairs Dept. of History

University of Minnesota Portland State University University of Texas

Minneapolis, MN 55455 Portland, OR 97207 El Paso, TX 79968-0532

Thank you for your participation, which is critical for the continued recognition of excellence in our field.

Distinguished Service Award. Clah members are encouraged to send nominations to the Distinguished Service Award Committee. Please contact:

Richard Walter, Department of History, Box 1062, Washington U., St. Louis MO 63130

off: (314) 935-5450 e-mail: rjwalter@artsci.wustl.edu

Conference on Latin American History Prize. Authors of papers not published on the list of of "authorized" journals should be aware that self-nomination for the CLAH Prize is entirely appropriate. Please contact the committee chair:

Ronald C. Newton, Department of History,

Simon Fraser U., Burnaby, B.C. V5A 1S6 CANADA Off: (604) 291-4404 ronald_newton@sfu.ca

Lydia Cabrera Awards are available to support the study of Cuba between 1492 and 1868. Awards are designed specifically to support: 1) original research on Cuban history in Spanish, Mexican, and U.S. archives; 2) the publication of meritorious books on Cuba currently out of print; and 3) the publication of historical statistics, historical documents, and guides to Spanish archives relating to Cuban history between 1492 and 1868.

Applicants must be trained in Latin American history and possess knowledge of Spanish. Successful applicants will be expected to disseminate the results of their research in scholarly publications and/or professional papers delivered at scholarly conferences and public lectures at educational institutions.

Applicants for original research are to be currently engaged in graduate studies at a U.S. institution or be affiliated with a college/university faculty or accredited historical association in the United States.

A limited number of awards will be made annually up to a maximum of $5,000 per applicant.

Each applicant should provide a two page curriculum vitae, a detailed itinerary and budget statement, a three page narrative description of the proposed project, and three letters of support. Republication proposals should include letter(s) of intent from a publisher. The deadline for the 1997 awards is November 15, 1996. Three copies of the application should be sent to:

Louis A. Pérez, Jr., Chair, Lydia Cabrera Awards Committee, Dept. of History, CB 3195 Hamilton Hall, U. of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, off: (919) 962-3943 Fax: (919) 962-1403

E-mail: perez.ham@mhs.unc.edu

Distinguished Service Award: $500 to John Jay TePaske.

Herbert E. Bolton Memorial Prize: $500 to Elinor G. K. Melville, A Plague of Sheep, Environmental Consequences of the Conquest of Mexico (Cambridge University Press, 1994).

Herbert E. Bolton Honorable Mention: to R. Douglas Cope, The Limits of Racial Domination (University of Wisconsin Press, 1994).

Herbert E. Bolton Honorable Mention: to David J. McCreery, Rural Guatemala (Stanford University Press, 1994).

Howard Cline Prize: $200 to David Block, Mission Culture on the Upper Amazon: Native Tradition, Jesuit Enterprise, and Secular Policy in Moxos, 1660-1880 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1994).

Howard Cline Memorial Honorable Mention: to John Manuel Monteiro, Negros da terra: Indios e bandeirantes nas origens de São Paulo (São Paulo: Companhia das Letras).

Conference on Latin American History Prize: $200 to Lauren Derby for "Haitians, Magic, and Money: Raza and Society in the Haitian-Dominican Borderlands, 1900 to 1937," Comparative Studies in Society and History 36:3 (July 1994).

Conference on Latin American History Honorable Mention: to Rebecca Scott for "Defining The Boundaries of Freedom in the World of Cane: Cuba, Brazil, and Louisiana After Emancipation," American Historical Review 99:1 (February 1994).

James A. Robertson Prize: $200 to Marc A. Edelman and Mitchell A. Seligman for "Land Inequality: A Comparison of Census Data and Property Records in Twentieth-Century Southern Costa Rica," Hispanic American Historical Review 74:3 (August 1994).

James A. Robertson Honorable Mention: to Karen Viera Powers for "The Battle for Bodies and Souls in the Colonial North Andes: Intra-Ecclesiastical Struggles and the Politics of Migration," Hispanic American Historical Review 75:1 (February 1995).

The Lydia Cabrera Award: $4,545 to Joseph Carroll Dorsey, Hamilton College, for "Troubled Tao: Self, Otherness, and Dissidence Among Chinese Workers in Nineteenth-Century Cuba."

Tibesar Prize: $200 to B. J. Barickman for "'Tame Indians,' 'Wild Heathens,' and Settlers in Southern Bahia in the Late Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries," The Americas 51:3 (January 1995).

James R. Scobie Memorial Award: $700.00 to Jadwiga Pieper, Rutgers University, for "The Politics of Fertility Regulation in Chile."

This letter is to report the accomplishments of my research trip to Spain made possible by the Lydia Cabrera Award during June-July 1995.

I carried out research in Madrid on the topic of the origins and formation of financial institutions in Cuba before 1868. I researched the collections of Ultramar (Hacienda, Fomento, Gobierno sections) of the Archivo Histórico Nacional. I also complemented information using the holdings of the Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores' archives the Biblioteca Nacional, the library of the Banco de Españã, and the Hemeroteca Municipal. I also was able to discuss aspects of my research with specialists Inés Roldán, Eduardo Moyano, and Richard and Linda Salvucci. In summary the research process was successful and the initial goals outlined in my proposal were accomplished.

Currently I am processing and analyzing the information collected during the summer. My intention is to write a chapter length manuscript (within the context of a book I intend to write on 19th century Cuba) which I can reduce to an article-length text. I plan to finish and submit the article-length text in the next six months. I will send you a copy of the article as soon as it is finished. I will acknowledge the support of the Lydia Cabrera award.

Alfonso W. Quiroz

My month of research in Madrid closely followed the agenda laid out in my narrative description Spanish Protectionist Policies and the United States - Cuba Trade, 1821-1898. For the penultimate chapter of my book, 'Ironies of Empire: Trade between the United States and Cuba under Spanish Rule," I wanted to investigate the extent to which Spain was able to influence and distort the flourishing commerce between the two trading partners. At the Archivo Histórico Nacional, I used the indices-in-progress from "Ultramar" (Fomento and Hacienda) to target expedientes containing imperial policy debates and various memoranda, texts of treaties and concessions and, most importantly, reports from Cuba on policy implementation- qualitative data in other words, to help explain trends in quantitative trade data that I have already assembled. Moreover, on earlier trips, I had read some of the Spanish consular correspondence from the U.S. in "Estado"; this time, I examined additional files for the nineteenth century, to search for American reactions to and protests against Spanish efforts at protectionism. Most of this material was photocopied and is currently being analyzed. The professional staff members of the Ultramar section particularly María José Aranz and Eduardo Moyano, were extremely helpful. However, the benefits of working in these indexed materials were offset by the policy implemented at the AHN as of April 28,1995 that limits investigators to three legajos p