The population problem relates to both life and socio-economic risks. On the one hand, stagnating or decreasing population will have implications of aging and long-term care. Adverse trends in population demographics will bear risks for socio-economic development and high economic costs. They may also compromise developments in gender policy regimes if childbearing becomes a “political” demand from women and socio-political actors portray homosexuals as “anti-national” for they do not engage in procreation. On the other hand, scarcity and access to natural resources due to uncontrolled increases in population would imply geopolitical risks. Political instability at the macro level and socio-psychological risks at the individual level will be the result. Moreover, these risks diverge in terms of the challenge that they pose to the developed and developing countries around the Mediterranean namely in South Europe, East Mediterranean and North Africa. While the former increasingly feels the brunt of stagnating and aging populations, access to resources and healthy environment is threatened in the latter two, given a rather uncontrolled population growth. As geographical distance between the developed North and the developing South disappears due to the high mobility of goods, people, business, and services, the risks in one area threaten the other. Thereby, socio-economic, civil society and policy actors have to respond to domestic implications of the population problem, but also prepare for external threats that may burden the welfare of their citizens. Bearing in mind the financial, gender, socio-economic and political implications of such risks, the proposed papers should deal with actors respond to life and socio-economic risks that accrue from population stagnation as well as uncontrolled increase of population.