|
“(Trans) colonial, (trans) imperial and Atlantic Trade in the 18th Century: New Questions, Approaches and Methods”
Workshop for Junior Scholars
March 11, 2010
Salle Lombard, École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales (EHESS)
96, boulevard Raspail,
Paris 75006
Métro : Saint-Placide, Rennes, Notre-Dame-des-Champs
Organizers: Manuel Covo, EHESS, Bertie Mandelblatt, Université de Montréal.
With the support of: MARPROF, CENA, MASCIPO, EEASA.
ALL WELCOME
English Introduction (résumé en français à suivre)
Economic history has played a pivotal role in the growth of Atlantic history over the past few generations. However, the growth of Atlantic history has been accompanied by a questioning of the frameworks which have sustained it during these generations. Most critics focus on the scales at work in studies of Atlantic history. For instance, much current research on the economic and trade history of the Atlantic world is moving beyond strict geographic and substantive parameters that have in the past confined it to investigations of unitary Western European imperial spheres (the British Atlantic, the French Atlantic, the Iberian Atlantic), characterized by a focus on successful regimes of production and successful systems of transatlantic exchange (slaves, sugar, merchant networks).
Increasingly research on Atlantic trade is concentrating on what has remained outside these lenses:
• the degree to which, and the modes in which imperial Atlantics overlapped and were mutually dependent, via legal or illicit trade;
• sites within what has been traditionally considered as ‘the Atlantic’, where trade with the larger Atlantic plays a small, partial or marginal role, such as the pays d’en haut;
• the development of continental non-transatlantic regional trades within and across imperial spheres, via overland transport or coastal shipping;
• sites outside what has been traditionally considered as ‘the Atlantic’: trade connections to Germany, the Baltic, the North (Russia, Poland, etc), the East Indies, and the Mediterranean;
• the history of metropolitan and colonial experimentation with regulatory and legal trade frameworks in order to understand early modern mercantilism as a series of systems always in the making and the result of competing interests;
• the failure of trade initiatives, thus permitting a better understanding of the complexity and multiplicity of the forces at play. Examples include: failed initiatives in establishing trade and its associated practices (merchant houses, banking, credit, shipping); failed initiatives in preventing trade through embargoes or the imposition of fines and restrictions; or failed colonial endeavours where trade played a pivotal role (Kourou);
• a greater attentiveness to the roles played by the consumption practices connected to the commodities in question, and the means by which they influenced trade;
• a greater attentiveness to the circulation of the multitude of ‘minor’ goods that made up transatlantic or intercolonial cargoes such as cotton, flour, and molasses, that is , those other than the great colonial commodities that propelled the Atlantic system forward (sugar, tobacco, slaves).
Within current research on Atlantic trade, there is also a heightened methodological consciousness regarding the object of inquiry. While some researchers follow the actors involved directly or indirectly in trade (merchants, bankers, ship captains, consumers); some follow institutions (merchant lobby groups, colonial sovereign counsels, the Ministère de la Marine); others follow the commodities being traded in order to understand their circulation and the transformation in their value; and still others focus on the development of theories of political economy and commerce, and the roles these theories played in the formation of metropolitan political and colonial policy. This workshop seeks to highlight the research of a number of newer scholars who are studying trade in this wider Atlantic context during the eighteenth century.
Résumé en français
L’histoire économique a joué un rôle majeur dans la genèse et l’évolution de l’histoire atlantique. L’étude des flux de navires, de biens, de capitaux de part et d’autre de l’Atlantique a largement contribué à la construction de ce champ, héritier de l’histoire des annales. En outre, les innombrables travaux sur la traite négrière n’ont pas été étrangers à la transformation de l’histoire atlantique depuis les années 1970 : ils ont permis la prise en compte des Caraïbes et de l’Afrique, puis progressivement de l’esclave, non seulement comme marchandise, mais aussi comme acteur à part entière. Enfin depuis les années 1990, l’accent a été mis sur l’étude des échanges transcoloniaux ou transimpériaux, et particulièrement sur la contrebande, pour insister sur la porosité des frontières et mettre en cause la pertinence du cadre impérial (français, anglais etc).
Mais l’émergence de ce champ et ses transformations ont été accompagnées de mises en garde, et parfois d’un certain scepticisme. Les critiques ont d’abord porté sur l’échelle atlantique : jugée tantôt trop vaste, tantôt trop étroite, voire les deux à la fois, elle ne correspondrait pas aux réalités des échanges au XVIIIe siècle. Ni la Méditerranée, ni la mer Baltique, ni l’Océan indien n’étaient déconnectés des flux et des trafics mondiaux. Par ailleurs, des circuits subatlantiques pourraient être plus déterminants dans l’économie locale de ports dits « atlantiques », toujours dépendants de leur hinterland. Il n’y aurait pas de sentiment d’appartenance à un monde atlantique, flou, sans limite claire, et, partant, encore moins de « communauté atlantique ». De plus, en mettant l’accent sur les échanges, on minimise l’importance des cadres étatiques, des institutions ou encore des lois, au risque de porter un regard anachronique sur un « marché atlantique » en réalité morcelé.
L’objectif de cette journée d’études est de prendre en compte les critiques qui ont été formulées pour s’interroger sur la pertinence du cadre atlantique. Il s’agira de réfléchir à son usage sans a priori, et de le confronter à d’autres cadres de réflexion : impériaux, transimpériaux, transcoloniaux, nationaux, mondiaux, etc. Nous espérons ainsi aboutir à un tableau plus nuancé d’une histoire économique, dont on pourra se demander si elle est en définitive atlantique.
________________________________________
“(Trans) colonial, (trans) imperial and Atlantic Trade in the 18th Century: New Questions, Approaches and Methods”
PROGRAM / PROGRAMME
March 11, 2010
Salle Lombard, EHESS
96, boulevard Raspail,
Paris 75006
Métro : Saint-Placide, Rennes, Notre-Dame-des-Champs
9h00-9h15 WELCOME
9h15-9h45 INTRODUCTION
Manuel Covo, EHESS, France, Bertie Mandelblatt, Université de Montréal, Canada.
9h45-10h45 SESSION ONE: Commodities and Circuits
Chair : Pierre Gervais, Université Paris 8, France.
Matthew Crawford, Kent State University, USA, “Contraband, Commerce, and the Court: The Economies of Quina in the Late Eighteenth-century Spanish Atlantic”.
Joseph Horan, Florida State University, USA, “Bringing the Indies to France: Acclimatization as a Response to the French Colonial Crisis of the 1790’s”.
11h00-12h00 SESSION TWO: States and Empires
Chair : Allan Potofsky, Université Paris 7, France.
Klas Rönnbäck, University of Gothenburg, Sweden, “Power, Plenty and Pressure groups: British and Danish colonialism in the West Indies and the role of the state, 1768-1772”.
Alexandre Dubé, Université McGill, Canada, "Pacte colonial et bataille du libéralisme : quelques réflexions sur l'approvisionnement colonial”.
12h00-14h00 LUNCH
14h00-15h30 SESSION THREE: Maritime Profits
Chair : Philippe Minard, EHESS, France.
Laure Pineau, Université de Nantes, France : “Le grand négoce à Nantes et l'Atlantique ou une approche du capitalisme commercial au XVIIIe siècle”.
Mariana Candido, Princeton University, USA, “The Rise of an Atlantic Port: Benguela in the 18th century”.
James Roberts, Johns Hopkins University, USA, “"Social Networking in the Pursuit of Wartime Profits: New England's Benjamin Jarvis in Martinique during the American Revolution".
16h00-16h30 CONCLUDING COMMENTS
Silvia Marzagalli, Université de Nice, France.
16h30-18h00 OPEN DISCUSSION
_______________________________________
ALL WELCOME
For more information, please contact:
Manuel Covo: manuel.covo@gmail.com
or
Bertie Mandelblatt: b.r.mandelblatt@gmail.com
|