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Because this is a work about philosophical thinking, some discussion of the philosophical content and implications of each figure’s work is required, alongside the usual academic biography.

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Cooper, Thomas, 1759-1839, Scientist, President of Univ. South Carolina (1821-34), political economist.

Carey, Mathew, 1760-1839, Economist.

Tucker, George, 1775-1861, Prof. Moral Philosophy at Univ. Virginia (1825-45).

Ladd, William, 1778-1841, Pacifist, founded American Peace Society in 1828.

Story, Joseph, 1779-1845, Justice of US Supreme Court (1812-45), Prof. Law at Harvard (1829-45).

Fisher, William Logan, 1781-1862, Quaker Hicksite in Philadelphia, political radical and socialist.

Calhoun, John Caldwell, 1782-1850, Vice President of US (1825-32), US Senator from South Carolina (1832-43, 1845-50). Advocate of States’s Rights and pro-slavery.

Tucker, Nathaniel Beverley, 1784-1851, Prof. Law at College of William and Mary in Virginia (1834-51).

Cardozo, Jacob Newton, 1786-1873, Political economist.

McVickar, John, 1787-1868, Prof. Moral Philosophy at Columbia (1817-57), Prof. Evidences of Natural and Revealed Religion at Columbia (1857-64).

Sparks, Jared, 1789-1866, Prof. History at Harvard (1839-49), President of Harvard (1849-53).

Raymond, Daniel, 1786-1849, Lawyer in Baltimore (1814-40). Wrote “Thoughts on Political Economy” (1820).

Bachman, John, 1790-1874, Lutheran Minister in South Carolina and prominent naturalist. Pro-slavery yet defended full humanity of Africans.

Vethake, Henry, 1792-1866, Provost and Professor of Intellectual and Moral Philosophy at Univ. Pennsylvania (1853-59).

Carey, Henry Charles, 1793-1879, Economist and social scientist.

Walker, James, 1794-1874, Prof. Natural Religion, Moral Philosophy, and Civil Polity at Harvard (1839-53), President of Harvard (1853-60).

Haddock, Charles Brickett, 1796-1861, Prof. Rhetoric and Oratory at Dartmouth (1819-38), Prof. Intellectual Philosophy and Political Economy at Dartmouth (1838-50).

Warren, Josiah, 1798-1874, Inventor, social and political philosopher, anarchist in Ohio, Illinois, and New York.

Walker, Amasa, 1799-1875, Lecturer on Political Economy at Oberlin College in Ohio (1842-49), Examiner in Political Economy at Harvard (1853-60).

Bancroft, George, 1800-1891, Historian and diplomat, wrote first American study of German literature and philosophy in 1827-28.

Lieber, Francis, 1800-1872, Prof. History and Political Economy at South Carolina College (1835-56), Prof. History and Political Science at Columbia (1857-72).

Owen, Robert Dale, 1801-1877, Social reformer and freethinker.

Dew, Thomas Roderick, 1802-1846, Prof. Political Law at College of William and Mary (1827-36), President of College of William and Mary (1836-46).

Fitzhugh, George, 1806-1881, Lawyer in Virginia; pro-slavery and states' rights advocate.

Hildreth, Richard, 1807-1865, Lawyer and editor in Boston and New York.

Hammond, James Henry, 1807-1864, U.S. Senator, Governor of South Carolina (1842-44). Pro-slavery and states' rights advocate.

Smyth, Thomas, 1808-1873, Presbyterian Minister and theologian in South Carolina. Defended the full humanity of Africans.

Spooner, Lysander, 1808-1887, Abolitionist, political philosopher in Massachusetts and Ohio.

Stephens, Alexander Hamilton, 1812-1883, Politician and constitutional scholar in Georgia, Vice President of Confederacy (1861-65).

Hurd, John Codman, 1816-1892, Lawyer in New York, author of treatises on slavery and constitutional law.

Ellis, Charles Mayo, 1818-1878, Boston lawyer and abolitionist.

Greene, William Batchelder, 1819-1878, Unitarian Minister, banking reformer, individualist anarchist.

Hughes, Henry, 1829-1861, Lawyer and politician in Mississippi, pro-slavery advocate. With G. Fitzhugh, first to publish book having "Sociology" in the title.