Shoghi Effendi the Charity Fund
Translation and Commentary by Juan R. I. Cole,
History, University of Michigan
In a large manuscript in my possession that contains some of
Shoghi Effendi's largely unpublished early letters to the
local spiritual
assembly of Tehran and then the Iran national assembly,
there is a striking
emphasis put on the establishment of local and
national Charity
Funds. Emphasis is too weak a word. He is quite insistent.
Such funds
must help the poor and needy among non-Baha'is
(aghyar), and are
"absolutely obligatory." Such charity work is identified
with the
meaning of the phrase, 'service to mankind.' The Charity
Fund must be
founded the moment a local assembly is. Administering
this Fund and
teaching the faith are mentioned as the two paramount
duties of the local
assembly. Until such funds are established, the 'most
beloved of hopes'
will never show her face. They are "absolutely pivotal"
and by them will
the cause be promulgated.
The emphasis found below on the LSA being in control
of the funds and its
decisions about disbursement being final come because
this step was
necessary to prevent corruption and also to prevent
powerful local clans
from lobbying to have some "charity" thrown their way.
In societies like
Iran that consist far more of families than of individuals,
any
philanthropic or development effort is often stymied
by the tendency of
anyone who oversees money to feel he has to share it
with his cousins.
Shoghi Effendi was attempting to instill Weberian bureaucratic
rationality
into this process and to fight such nepotism and corruption.
I know that the Iranian Baha'i community did major
philanthropy and ran at
least one major hospital. So Shoghi Effendi's pronouncements
were taken
seriously there. Although a few passages on helping
the needy can be found
in Shoghi Effendi, Baha'i Administration (Wilmette,
Ill.: Bahai Publishing Trust, 1968 [1933]), they are not
as explicit or emphatic as these Persian passages are:
A careful study of Bahá'u'lláh's's and `Abdu'l-Bahá's's
Tablets will reveal that other duties, no less vital
to the interests of the Cause, devolve upon the elected
representatives of the friends in every locality .
. . They must do their utmost to extend at all times
the helping hand to the poor, the sick, the disabled,
the orphan, the widow, irrespective of color, caste
and creed. Bahai Administration, pp. 37-38.
Despite this fleeting mention, I am not aware that
there has been any similar strong
stress put on charity work in the U.S. administrative
tradition. But I
wonder whether similar letters were sent to the U.S.
NSA and never
published. (Apparently the vast majority of Shoghi
Effendi's letters to
the US are still in the archives).
Shoghi Effendi/LSA of Tehran, 19 December 1923
"In addition, you must endeavor to found, ensure the
continuation of, and
widen the scope of a charitable fund (sandúq-i khayriyyih).
It is
necessary that such charities be founded in every spot.
Both members [of the
local assemblies] and non-members must, to the extent
they are able,
contribute to this charitable fund voluntarily rather
than being obliged to
do so. Whatever is contributed should be given into
the care of the local
assembly's treasurer, so that it may be disbursed as
considered right by the
members of the spiritual assembly, on philanthropic
causes and spreading the
cause of God. Helping the poor, needy, orphans, widows,
aged and indigent
among non-Baha'is is most necessary and absolutely
obligatory. For by this
means the most great reality of the teachings of the
divine Cause, which is
service to the world of humanity, shall be vindicated
and made manifested."
-------------------------------------
Shoghi Effendi/National Spiritual Assembly of Iran,
1305 s./ August 1926
With regard to helping the friends via the charity
fund, it has previously
been clearly emphasized that as soon as a spiritual
assembly has been founded
and formed, without the least delay a Charity Fund
must also be founded and
announced. The members of the assembly must at every
moment, generally and
in writing, call upon and encourage the divine friends
to contribute to it.
Whatever sums are collected for this charity fund must
in their entirety be
completely, absolutely and forever under the administration
of the members of
the spiritual assembly. No one has any right to intervene
or interfere.
Whatever the members of the consultative assembly unanimously
decide, and
whatever sum they dedicate to this purpose, must be
disbursed by the
treasurer without anything being added or subtracted.
If unanimity of views
cannot be achieved, whatever the majority decides must
be implemented. No
one has the right, as an independent individual, to
intervene in the receipts
of the spiritual assemblies. The assembly must, after
consultation,
examination and investigation into the requirements
of the cause and the
needs of individuals, and in accordance with its own
capabilities, apportion
its resources. Thus will the poor, the weak, and the
needy from all classes
receive help as the days pass, and thus will both public
benefits and the
interests of the cause also rapidly be realized.
In the same way, the formation, continuation and expansion
of a central
Charity Fund at the national level for Iran must be
considered the most
urgent of necessities, and as a basic issue has not
till this moment been
enabled in the way it must be. The divine friends
and the handmaids of the
All-Merciful throughout the nation of Iran must be
guided with respect to
this important matter. Aiding the national Charity
Fund is even more
important than donating to the local Charity Fund.
For it is an important
factor, or rather is absolutely pivotal for the progress,
institutions and
foundations of the Cause. It is better and more fitting
that the
generality of persons throughout Iran and the spiritual
assemblies in
Baha'i regions should jointly donate on a continual
basis to the national
Charity Fund. Thus will the means to promulgate this
mighty Cause in the
center and in all regions be brought together as is
necessary and
appropriate. The receipts of the national Charity
Fund are in their
entirety under the absolute authority and administration
of the members of
the National Spiritual Assembly.
--------------------------------
Shoghi Effendi/National Spiritual Assembly of Iran,
30 December 1926
. . . They must respect, honor, praise, and follow
those with special
expertise in arts and technology, must respect and
venerate those possessing
knowledge and erudition, must stand for freedom of
conscience, must refain
from criticizing or opposing the beliefs, rituals and
practices of
individuals and peoples and religions--these are binding
and fundamental
obligations upon the trustees of the all-merciful,
the representatives of the
Baha'is, the members of the spiritual assemblies.
Self-sacrificing friends!
The most beloved of hopes will never show her face
in these lands until
charitable trusts are founded, their continuation is
assured, and their scope
widened, as mentioned and underlined before in the
letters of this servant.
Note how emphatic and explicit is the pen of the [Center
of] the Covenant in
this regard:
"Charitable foundations are among the institutions
of the Lord
of humankind. For they raise orphans, provide comfort
to the poor and old
and indigent, educate children, and teach the cause
of the All-merciful. You
must give the charitable foundation the utmost attention,
[in addition], so
that teachers of the faith can be appointed and promulgate
the word
throughout all regions, reciting the verses and spreading
fragrances and
chanting the words. Every soul who contributes to
a charitable foundation
will be the recipient at all times of divine aid and
confirmations, such that
all his or her faults will be made into perfections,
and it will become a
cause for the eternal glory of such a soul. Beloved
of God, this
incontrovertible decree is incumbent upon you! . .
."
By charitable foundation is meant the Charity Fund,
which with the passage
of time, as it grows, will be overseen with great
care and trustworthiness by the
members of the assembly, who will constitute as its
principal the contributions of the
friends. All the proceeds and benefits of this charitable
foundation will be
spent on the advancement and progress of the Cause
of God and on extending
public benefits.
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